#: locale=en
## Action
### Text to Speech
TextToSpeechBehaviour_982E9E94_92A3_FE14_41D8_61F08B3D42C8.text = Next
TextToSpeechBehaviour_982E9E94_92A3_FE14_41DB_C861EC6C764A.text = Previous
### URL
LinkBehaviour_4EE1D5FA_AFC6_4B7B_41D1_5E0604D7D1BC.source = https://npstuskegee.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/modelsAR/piper/index.html
LinkBehaviour_AF1DAFFE_AA83_53AB_41D4_FFA718260713.source = https://poly.cam/capture/9b62520c-a08b-44f6-bb4b-e0942a2b7285
WebFrame_52C7BC3A_47A7_F175_41AE_78AD127E64B1_mobile.url = https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m14!1m8!1m3!1d5760.300296443735!2d-85.67977605621512!3d32.45789609482253!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x888c57fa638c42e1%3A0x3d561dbe57e13f70!2sTuskegee%20Airmen%20National%20Historic%20Site!5e1!3m2!1sen!2sus!4v1733844853892!5m2!1sen!2sus
WebFrame_52C7BC3A_47A7_F175_41AE_78AD127E64B1.url = https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m14!1m8!1m3!1d5760.300296443735!2d-85.67977605621512!3d32.45789609482253!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x888c57fa638c42e1%3A0x3d561dbe57e13f70!2sTuskegee%20Airmen%20National%20Historic%20Site!5e1!3m2!1sen!2sus!4v1733844853892!5m2!1sen!2sus
LinkBehaviour_674E65E8_6D65_B10A_41D2_5279FF1AEAF6.source = https://www.nps.gov/tuai/learn/photo-multimedia.htm
LinkBehaviour_AEFFD60B_AB7E_F469_41E3_5CAD6AC17084.source = tel:3347240922
LinkBehaviour_50D07253_7071_014A_41C2_845DCC2CBF5C.source = tel:3347240922
## Hotspot
### Text
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_548330CE_70D7_015A_4172_EDF85043540A.text = Hangar 1
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_EE1A4D04_4EFF_82C5_41CA_D03A2A119CC9.text = "We knew we were doing something. We knew we better not fail."
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_EB72FB9E_5202_BD6E_4178_30F21CA0885C.text = "Well, you can fly all right." \
- First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_57180842_6FDA_CA68_41D2_3A9282A3DEEC.text = "You volunteer to fight for a country that linched your people. Why?" German SS Officer to Capt. Luther H. Smith Jr., October, 1944
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A45B07B7_4A06_8DC3_41CD_36F7EE9673DC.text = Cadet Waiting Room
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_D2A4332B_4E0A_86C3_41AE_CB558C96093A.text = HANGAR 1
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_EC7F47FD_4E0A_8D47_41C6_359FF45C24D9.text = HANGAR 2
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A0865FC7_4A19_7D43_41CA_F44F2B78002C.text = Maintenance Record Room
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A587A28C_4A19_87C5_417C_AC89ACCFE1C6.text = Supply Room
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5514D4CD_71F1_015E_41A8_4C3A017CE7F0.text = The Mechanics \
The men and women who worked as mechanics kept thier tools in large rolling chests like this
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_553C2532_7031_00CA_41D2_37761B8B3F43.text = To Control Tower
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_553A62C1_7031_0146_41CF_434E4C258208.text = To Control Tower
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_553B3E38_7037_00C6_41A2_94CE6F6820C4.text = To Control Tower
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_553AEEB2_7031_01CA_41C0_A38B45599286.text = To Museum
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_553BD7C9_7037_0F46_41C4_CAE41BEADD1C.text = To Museum
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_553A10FA_7031_013A_41D1_E9AFDDFFD3D9.text = To Museum
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_553E0434_7031_00CE_41B7_44A4ABD219A5.text = To Museum
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A533257A_4A07_8D4D_41C5_EC99307E9D5F.text = War Room
## Media
### Audio
audiores_02605005_07F8_A9CF_417D_772DEFC433C0.mp3Url = media/audio_014D93CF_05CB_AE5B_415A_5B1BA80F648A_en.mp3
audiores_026052BD_07F8_AE3F_416D_1105B118E497.mp3Url = media/audio_0157DDB0_05C7_5AC5_4161_6187DB20FC94_en.mp3
audiores_02605568_07F8_AA45_4164_37E18B24CC8C.mp3Url = media/audio_0162793F_05F9_5A3B_4174_9CAB5DA481DC_en.mp3
audiores_0260583B_07F9_5A3B_4170_3F4941EED20C.mp3Url = media/audio_0169268D_05C8_F6DF_416B_FB0615143A99_en.mp3
audiores_02605C6A_07F9_5A45_416F_C4E35E36BE2D.mp3Url = media/audio_01855B6D_053B_5E5F_4176_A000BA2D8A11_en.mp3
audiores_026062FB_07F9_6E3B_4140_A43DFFD5EBDF.mp3Url = media/audio_01907BEC_0559_5E5D_4177_9E62FC9B5CA2_en.mp3
audiores_0260676C_07F9_765D_417D_2820A0B96BB4.mp3Url = media/audio_01952BD5_0558_FE4F_415A_8A0379128DC1_en.mp3
audiores_02606A64_07F9_7E4D_4148_1AF7DC316240.mp3Url = media/audio_01983040_0548_EA45_4172_A7309D1E0690_en.mp3
audiores_026070F6_07F9_6A4D_417D_E1A06758E1D2.mp3Url = media/audio_01AF5DC5_0547_5A4F_4154_CDCD449339DE_en.mp3
audiores_02607AB8_07F9_5EC5_416B_28E81F51B05E.mp3Url = media/audio_01CBA458_04CF_EA45_4112_2E98F87C8AC0_en.mp3
audiores_026082FF_07F9_AE3B_416D_2569963D98D7.mp3Url = media/audio_01E6BD91_04F9_DAC7_4168_77AF4991EB2D_en.mp3
audiores_0260892A_07F9_BBC5_4178_388900C556A2.mp3Url = media/audio_01EDF935_04CB_5BCF_4175_FA0E6EDDDBE6_en.mp3
audiores_02607DE2_07F9_5A45_417F_C44C83DBAC28.mp3Url = media/audio_01F25928_04D9_5BC5_4171_3CFC572139F1_en.mp3
audiores_48F14303_DD42_AE27_41BE_86F00DDB2B1F.mp3Url = media/audio_01F7E848_D814_BF76_41D5_2758F8D59670_en.mp3
audiores_026085EF_07F9_AA5B_4181_FEFFA52E111B.mp3Url = media/audio_01F9FAAD_04CB_5EDF_4178_650B70052917_en.mp3
audiores_02608C64_07F9_BA4D_4182_A7F377EA3766.mp3Url = media/audio_0206E011_0739_69C7_4155_A6D3B880A111_en.mp3
audiores_02608F7C_07F9_B63D_4148_4E3F98253D50.mp3Url = media/audio_022153FB_0778_AE3B_4180_2EF9C8E83ED0_en.mp3
audiores_02609312_07F9_AFC5_415D_3FE19225DD54.mp3Url = media/audio_0226285C_0778_FA7D_415F_0E6C87A67066_en.mp3
audiores_02609697_07F9_D6CB_415C_94A80824E274.mp3Url = media/audio_0229A547_074B_EA4B_4179_3032ABEA57EC_en.mp3
audiores_02609946_07F9_DA4D_417F_642465868734.mp3Url = media/audio_0230F0BD_0759_6A3F_414B_B8DF78D300D6_en.mp3
audiores_E128A955_AA76_0463_41D3_A1DF63E9C069.mp3Url = media/audio_02AAA594_AA31_7808_41DA_E0C5982443C1_en.mp3
audiores_B8F590F1_1703_2183_41A8_FD8EC2BE3458.mp3Url = media/audio_0BE9819D_04CB_AAFF_415E_71546868DF5C_en.mp3
audiores_B8E3544C_1703_2081_41A3_13FB51BFC018.mp3Url = media/audio_0BF4B521_04D9_EBC7_41A4_B6886290F55A_en.mp3
audiores_A714984F_1703_209F_41A1_3AE57F93EBF2.mp3Url = media/audio_1090FD82_0359_5AC5_418F_8B64C23800F7_en.mp3
audiores_4841679E_DD42_F621_41DA_9D349B64E51E.mp3Url = media/audio_1161F1A1_D347_4EE0_41DD_98E8D32F0912_en.mp3
audiores_4A62D103_DD45_AA27_41D3_19D4A65D6200.mp3Url = media/audio_15734351_DDC7_DB5B_41EA_9949FB6EC2A7_en.mp3
audiores_49B40E96_1C16_1B24_41B8_07F6EDA5A97B.mp3Url = media/audio_1752030D_1707_2083_41B2_03022F42307F_en.mp3
audiores_49C7D3BF_1C16_0964_4196_F099347ED689.mp3Url = media/audio_1BB2A047_1F07_608F_41A7_8A00E6DCEF13_en.mp3
audiores_49D619C3_1C16_391C_41A2_ECE4A47645F4.mp3Url = media/audio_1BC80854_1F03_2081_41AF_D17AFE810AFA_en.mp3
audiores_49FFDEED_1C16_38E4_41B4_0453DB4F71E4.mp3Url = media/audio_1BD76595_1F0D_E383_419E_B5825E417964_en.mp3
audiores_49F4E181_1C16_091C_4190_E1EC0F950164.mp3Url = media/audio_1BE242E7_1F07_218F_41AD_44A1FDA9C6D5_en.mp3
audiores_454D7CA8_DD45_DA61_41D6_DEE390F5E04B.mp3Url = media/audio_1C26E6E5_DCE2_D2E5_41BC_44BB46000AF6_en.mp3
audiores_4A47CA36_DD45_BE61_41D4_589E99724ABD.mp3Url = media/audio_1EA756E9_DC39_7D4B_41E4_E41AF0319C51_en.mp3
audiores_48263A57_DD42_DE2F_41B4_EE04D6F6AD18.mp3Url = media/audio_1FCCEF1E_D7EC_B10A_41C7_92D857687B5C_en.mp3
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audiores_4BBC4122_DD45_AA61_41C2_075A0EEB5164.mp3Url = media/audio_4461343D_DC4B_BCCB_41D1_F4374726208C_en.mp3
audiores_577BC291_6E5D_BEE8_41D0_E3DF2A960DB0.mp3Url = media/audio_5695B585_6ED5_DAE8_41D0_183BD399567A_en.mp3
audiores_577BA70A_6E5D_C7F8_41A0_EE15B75A9FCA.mp3Url = media/audio_56F21AAF_6E6E_CE38_417E_3888A35F4523_en.mp3
audiores_577D0C6D_6E5A_CA38_41C1_630334DE0566.mp3Url = media/audio_5722E840_6FEF_4A68_41BE_E9668D03CF48_en.mp3
audiores_577D1106_6E5A_DBE8_41B7_ED54ECDA6704.mp3Url = media/audio_575B8E75_6E5D_C628_41D4_561CFFB8038C_en.mp3
audiores_577D1490_6E5A_DAE8_41C0_749D9D64C826.mp3Url = media/audio_57628321_6E6F_BE28_41C4_A911EBB86C5A_en.mp3
audiores_577D1776_6E5A_C628_41C9_96EA4F091CAD.mp3Url = media/audio_5767EC0A_6E75_49F8_41C4_CEC7D41BA465_en.mp3
audiores_577D1C46_6E5A_CA68_41D0_D26FDFF74C24.mp3Url = media/audio_57718C79_6E6D_CA18_41D4_B3FBC699279E_en.mp3
audiores_58364F8A_61D7_46F8_41C2_2D07B232D35B.mp3Url = media/audio_58352320_61EA_FE28_41CF_24EBDA0F7360_en.mp3
audiores_49841CB4_DD42_DA61_4182_4F519C0A2848.mp3Url = media/audio_59D664D2_D31C_C773_41EA_04D8DCD77204_en.mp3
audiores_4AAE7681_DD45_D623_41DF_6512FFB8ECD5.mp3Url = media/audio_5C59AA14_DCE2_DD3B_41C6_A5C22B6008EF_en.mp3
audiores_4AC022DA_DD45_EE21_41D3_DE727968FC40.mp3Url = media/audio_5D4372F2_DCD1_971D_41C8_099158374CBF_en.mp3
audiores_B20D5084_9661_42F4_41E3_8631E746E3A7.mp3Url = media/audio_61AD5206_6E03_CF5E_41BA_ECB3C3C011EC_en.mp3
audiores_B20D4655_9661_4E14_41B2_F2CD0C4EA1AC.mp3Url = media/audio_61AD68E2_6E03_DCD6_41CB_B21C0209290F_en.mp3
audiores_B20D3026_9666_C234_41D3_AF8DC08CD3B3.mp3Url = media/audio_61ADF4A1_6E02_CB52_41D5_25EF2173CB50_en.mp3
audiores_4809B4FA_DD42_EBE1_41CC_B22A9EC25E51.mp3Url = media/audio_61C7CD27_D7FD_F13A_4190_EBF71E6A0599_en.mp3
audiores_483FF8D4_DD42_DA21_41DA_673D2444617A.mp3Url = media/audio_61E16CBF_D7F7_B70A_41D1_5F71E724229E_en.mp3
audiores_38C8930B_6885_B98C_41B1_76D28EDFAC5B.mp3Url = media/audio_6740C85A_6D5E_FF0E_41BA_DEA1A9B1FFC9_en.mp3
audiores_38EBDCDD_6885_A884_41C9_BD1B7B261822.mp3Url = media/audio_674956F4_6D6F_931A_41CC_62FEE90157C7_en.mp3
audiores_38F09FD1_6885_A89C_41C2_F9A3AA137A50.mp3Url = media/audio_674BD780_6D62_91FA_41C9_8694696B4262_en.mp3
audiores_8F825EA0_8BF6_6C9F_41D6_43DD88B9DA9C.mp3Url = media/audio_79970815_F265_0DB9_41E0_00F962508F50_en.mp3
audiores_7BD2E576_26AF_7A28_41DA_16A38726FC77.mp3Url = media/audio_7BCFE8A6_26B5_4A28_41D9_2BF13810B455_en.mp3
audiores_8F8247F5_8BF6_5C61_41C3_55FC0CAE6BD5.mp3Url = media/audio_8A4DDB94_A228_2877_41D9_D111DB62218E_en.mp3
audiores_8F824F7F_8BF6_6C61_41D7_35A30678235D.mp3Url = media/audio_8A4DDBE9_A228_2FD1_41D4_CFEAB8FECE7B_en.mp3
audiores_51F8B176_625B_DA28_4181_A0A85362DD9A.mp3Url = media/audio_8A70FB6A_1EAA_CE38_41BE_9C5569B7A2CC_en.mp3
audiores_38A7076C_6885_9984_41AA_FCD7EA603A06.mp3Url = media/audio_A1FD5035_6725_6F1A_41A1_91DFEEC2A976_en.mp3
audiores_4813B007_DD42_EA2F_41E2_4ACC841F70E1.mp3Url = media/audio_A2CE59FA_D7F4_910A_41E8_E7956AC4F190_en.mp3
audiores_48636D1D_DD42_FA23_41E1_226DD0ECEA79.mp3Url = media/audio_A5FEE1D8_D7F5_B116_41C2_7861B245E05A_en.mp3
audiores_E115EF99_AA76_1CE3_41DB_F007C24D26B3.mp3Url = media/audio_AA4B8F8A_AA57_C818_41D6_55960E13A476_en.mp3
audiores_E10DB1A7_AA76_042F_41C1_70FBC4F35522.mp3Url = media/audio_AA500A39_AA70_C878_41CD_636C7481FB0C_en.mp3
audiores_E1D400F1_AA76_0423_41C3_85A87125D640.mp3Url = media/audio_AA5E0C77_AA70_C808_41BC_86EA70F88184_en.mp3
audiores_481931EF_DD42_EDFF_41E1_38E047C7808D.mp3Url = media/audio_AF243200_D7F5_92F6_41E9_8202CB1A5E5C_en.mp3
audiores_49367A79_1C16_7BEC_41B8_FFEA4EF667D1.mp3Url = media/audio_C1DF2C52_173D_6081_4180_6BD5F1CFBF16_en.mp3
audiores_27ED49BB_6884_A88C_41D1_C955A8D566F7.mp3Url = media/audio_C6D3896A_6723_F10E_41BA_CFE7447FBD9A_en.mp3
audiores_274DE831_6884_979C_41B3_3550F1EDDD40.mp3Url = media/audio_C8DD649A_673E_B70E_41CA_90C16794D76D_en.mp3
audiores_27271B17_6884_A984_41D4_1BE05CE8ACD9.mp3Url = media/audio_CAC850F7_6722_EF06_41D4_2E3EFB794CC2_en.mp3
audiores_4EC1260C_DD42_7621_41E2_625AB3F7013A.mp3Url = media/audio_D2AC471B_D995_789B_41E1_4E1E1982C014_en.mp3
audiores_4EEC2D0B_DD42_7A27_41E3_3C8D2F117FA7.mp3Url = media/audio_D2B5FC67_D9F7_08AB_41CE_BC226652E18A_en.mp3
audiores_4E863108_DD42_6A21_41E7_5F6BC5148416.mp3Url = media/audio_D2B84D09_D9FD_0867_41C7_7C0301510089_en.mp3
audiores_4956FA4B_DD42_5E27_41B6_A3CCD86D228D.mp3Url = media/audio_D2BA60A2_D9FD_39A5_41AA_8532855833CF_en.mp3
audiores_491A056A_DD42_AAE1_41DC_8EBA77478B01.mp3Url = media/audio_D2BC324A_D9F5_18E5_41E8_6B5C40D33FD7_en.mp3
audiores_49254CE6_DD42_BBE1_41BE_F23EFCB9B37A.mp3Url = media/audio_D2CD243D_D997_389F_41DA_EB3660EB802D_en.mp3
audiores_49F815C2_DD42_AA21_41E7_2E012EAD4890.mp3Url = media/audio_D2F9252B_D97F_38BB_41E5_225939C4AB64_en.mp3
audiores_E14BE00B_AA76_03E7_41D5_D8401C8BF8EC.mp3Url = media/audio_D38C6B66_A5CC_646A_41A3_89DA62737A96_en.mp3
audiores_48F8448A_DD42_AA21_41C1_A3DDCCDFE568.mp3Url = media/audio_D81F77A5_D82D_913E_41CF_65EE542D2CC7_en.mp3
audiores_48EC486D_DD42_BAE3_41EB_1A375F878D9F.mp3Url = media/audio_D8226558_D817_B116_41C3_5E2A962A7F33_en.mp3
audiores_48838BE1_DD42_BDE3_41E7_F021BF7B3A44.mp3Url = media/audio_D8254A77_D81D_F31A_41E5_B9AB4849CC8B_en.mp3
audiores_488D8E61_DD42_B6E3_41D2_107A6BE23F89.mp3Url = media/audio_D836F81E_D87C_9F0A_41DC_503BC1860F57_en.mp3
audiores_4B51553D_DD42_AA63_41AA_11926EEA4F7D.mp3Url = media/audio_D83C1695_D873_931E_41E1_44D4E90C6CFB_en.mp3
audiores_4B066514_DD42_6A21_41E6_D407476B47A4.mp3Url = media/audio_D845BE6E_D81C_930A_41EA_55D78A313C32_en.mp3
audiores_4B23EA82_DD42_7E21_41B1_914F4CFB286E.mp3Url = media/audio_D84817FE_D813_910A_41E0_69C27F202736_en.mp3
audiores_4BF7747D_DD42_6AE3_41CF_73C72002D513.mp3Url = media/audio_D85176A1_D835_9336_41C4_6500885C6755_en.mp3
audiores_277F3AFB_6885_688C_41A3_205B2F33EAD2.mp3Url = media/audio_DD3BD51E_6726_9106_41D3_DC1A2DBAB099_en.mp3
audiores_03D35F4D_81D9_EC2C_41AD_523A0493C8C2.mp3Url = media/audio_EEF32C86_81F7_EC1C_41D4_7A52805C0B60_en.mp3
audiores_2C80401A_5D2F_6F0E_41D5_1399250BD682.mp3Url = media/audio_F132F15A_53E3_FACB_41D6_AB60993E87CB_en.mp3
audiores_E1615709_AA76_0DE3_41D3_BDCFD3448E11.mp3Url = media/audio_FAE6F833_6F5B_D6D1_41D0_6E33A82EE600_en.mp3
audiores_E130E612_AA76_0FE1_41D0_5018D29EF152.mp3Url = media/audio_FB713427_171F_E08F_41AA_941E71B504AF_en.mp3
### Audio Subtitles
audiores_58364F8A_61D7_46F8_41C2_2D07B232D35B.subtitlesURL = media/audio_58352320_61EA_FE28_41CF_24EBDA0F7360_en.vtt
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album_47E85E87_4E9D_5243_41CC_1D09BCF9C1BB_0.label = Welcome hangar 2
album_C9B0F2D9_523E_CCF2_41C9_10A6EC22CB62_0.label = Where they Trained
album_4C890FA0_49C3_C834_41CC_27AAD9A54E6A_0.label = Who were the TA
album_5120E1C3_58C2_7874_41D1_23AC6BAA778E_7.label = awards SoldMedal
album_5120E1C3_58C2_7874_41D1_23AC6BAA778E_0.label = awards air medal
album_5120E1C3_58C2_7874_41D1_23AC6BAA778E_1.label = awards bronze star
album_5120E1C3_58C2_7874_41D1_23AC6BAA778E_2.label = awards distinguished flying cross
album_5120E1C3_58C2_7874_41D1_23AC6BAA778E_3.label = awards distinguished unit
album_5120E1C3_58C2_7874_41D1_23AC6BAA778E_4.label = awards legion of merit
album_5120E1C3_58C2_7874_41D1_23AC6BAA778E_5.label = awards purple heart
model_02BC330E_0748_EFDD_416C_9AA99045FDCB.label = bomberJacket_mobile
album_60860DA0_6E01_5552_41C0_27F47EEBAFA6_0.label = capt Marchbanks
model_089130D2_0358_EA45_417C_962BDADBAF0D.label = coin_mobile
album_5176B3C9_5B4E_D874_41C6_82458AE91C12_0.label = col selway
video_487D7E01_1AD0_EB19_41B4_47AD7CBF2990.label = coming home
album_E4BFD2FA_4E3B_874D_41CC_677A46FD9D92_0.label = control tower hangar 2
model_0898A851_0349_FA47_4199_6033CED18463.label = engine_mobile
video_D89FCE2C_4A1A_9EC5_41A6_B5B75A0CD181.label = first lady
album_764F8EB7_9DA1_DE14_419B_1582EAE189BC_0.label = hangar 1
model_02BDD5AB_074B_AADB_4105_8B8B6853AD10.label = jacket_mobile
model_089734CC_0358_EA5D_4183_217D5483FE77.label = jacket_mobile
model_5371F3A3_FE21_2748_41E7_98E82255F37F.label = jacketnew
album_8F54997F_8B12_F461_41CD_C8BB238DFC40_0.label = know your enemy
video_491A4483_1AD3_9F19_418A_79833E44C79D.label = more than
model_EE6DDDD2_2416_393C_41B3_A6E3E2872E72.label = paired2
model_08920BC8_0358_BE45_4183_920B754B7674.label = patch_mobile
model_0895D4FE_035B_AA3D_416D_4ACA82B94EB6.label = planeBlue_mobile
model_089449E6_0358_BA4D_4194_E73F60EFD7B2.label = suit_new
model_0892B4C2_0359_EA45_4186_D4EC67E112E7.label = trunk_mobile
model_F89A016E_2412_09E4_41A3_6BCEF46241DB.label = typewriter_mobile
model_0897E2FC_0347_6E3D_4197_709D78B88C6F.label = yellowPlane_mobile
### Video
videolevel_3955A0C3_87DA_9414_41D6_0F9E0F3DE353.url = media/video_487D7E01_1AD0_EB19_41B4_47AD7CBF2990_en.mp4
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videolevel_3950C18C_87DA_942C_4198_AF21581D7C90.posterURL = media/video_491A4483_1AD3_9F19_418A_79833E44C79D_poster_en.jpg
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videolevel_3ABCD181_87DA_7414_41E2_B7AEAF157848.posterURL = media/video_EDCCDC18_B9AC_43BE_41A4_A7FB2E3A2D5B_poster_en.jpg
### Video Subtitles
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## Skin
### Button
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Button_E119D8B0_E2CE_5A61_41B9_F56D9C5ABB9E_mobile.label = Airmen Bomber Jacket
Button_E114C8C1_E2C6_BA23_41E2_C78CD8F733D6_mobile.label = Airmen Jacket
Button_E114C8C1_E2C6_BA23_41E2_C78CD8F733D6.label = Airmen Jacket
Button_E117B8B6_E2C2_DA61_41D0_85880EF44664_mobile.label = Army Office
Button_E117B8B6_E2C2_DA61_41D0_85880EF44664.label = Army Office
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Button_50D07253_7071_014A_41C5_764A927E2861_mobile.label = CALL
Button_07C86F9C_0CC9_76FD_4174_B983506E5CE0.label = CLICK TO VIEW IN YOUR SPACE
Button_07C82EBC_0CC8_F63D_418D_D9BB7CFF974F.label = CLICK TO VIEW IN YOUR SPACE
Button_07C7F1EA_0CC7_6A45_418F_47149CCB3DE8.label = CLICK TO VIEW IN YOUR SPACE
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Button_07C6BC42_0D39_DA45_413A_77BEA75352C8.label = CLICK TO VIEW IN YOUR SPACE
Button_07C773EC_0CC7_6E5D_419B_A5273AF5D143.label = CLICK TO VIEW IN YOUR SPACE
Button_07C6F14A_0D39_6A45_4190_334BF18D35FD.label = CLICK TO VIEW IN YOUR SPACE
Button_07C73592_0D38_EAC5_4192_41EDBF301078.label = CLICK TO VIEW IN YOUR SPACE
Button_AF0125B7_AA83_57B9_41DA_A0B48069F9F2.label = CONTACT
Button_E11CD33B_E2C6_AE67_41E8_22C0F17E897C_mobile.label = Congressional Medal
Button_E11CD33B_E2C6_AE67_41E8_22C0F17E897C.label = Congressional Medal
Button_E112E986_E2C2_7A21_41E7_CAF15E8B8A40_mobile.label = Engine
Button_E112E986_E2C2_7A21_41E7_CAF15E8B8A40.label = Engine
Button_AF0125B7_AA83_57B9_41E5_413E5204149E.label = FLOORPLAN
Button_E1100465_E2DD_AAE3_41DF_108735DA7E3D.label = Hangar 1 & 2
Button_E1100465_E2DD_AAE3_41DF_108735DA7E3D_mobile.label = Hangar 1 & 2
Button_AF0125B7_AA83_57B9_41D9_DC33235A1940.label = LOCATION
Button_AF0125B7_AA83_57B9_41BC_A493076C27A6.label = MODELS
Button_AF00A141_AA81_4CD9_41DC_A8E26ADF519B.label = NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Button_13424CC2_3DA8_F115_41CA_50EF686E13D1.label = NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Button_E11AB5AD_E2C2_EA63_41E1_503693BE323A.label = Officer's Personnel Record
Button_E11AB5AD_E2C2_EA63_41E1_503693BE323A_mobile.label = Officer's Personnel Record
Button_AF0125B7_AA83_57B9_41B2_09176203DA66.label = PANORAMA LIST
Button_E1165AA7_E2C2_5E6F_41E6_DE6E147BD371.label = Piper J3 Cub
Button_E1165AA7_E2C2_5E6F_41E6_DE6E147BD371_mobile.label = Piper J3 Cub
Button_E11B849A_E2C2_AA21_41C4_2A183FD17FB8.label = Spaceesuit
Button_E11B849A_E2C2_AA21_41C4_2A183FD17FB8_mobile.label = Spaceesuit
Button_E112155B_E2DD_AA27_41D9_6613E241EB58.label = Stearman PT-17
Button_E112155B_E2DD_AA27_41D9_6613E241EB58_mobile.label = Stearman PT-17
Button_E118ECC3_E2CE_7A27_418D_9C12166C1116_mobile.label = Trunk
Button_E118ECC3_E2CE_7A27_418D_9C12166C1116.label = Trunk
Button_6F7DC26F_01F6_78DA_417C_9394A0080E88.label = VIEW 1
Button_D30036D8_D88D_19E5_41E7_517F1988EB09.label = VIEW 1
Button_8B515133_0117_A36C_416B_0237E14604D4.label = VIEW 1
Button_D300F539_D88D_18A7_41D1_765739FB1EB9.label = VIEW 2
Button_8B4AD134_0117_A354_4168_837973F61723.label = VIEW 2
Button_6F7FC270_01F6_78C6_416F_9579109941EC.label = VIEW 2
Button_D300E00C_D88D_387D_41E9_BD34A1F8ED70.label = VIEW 3
Button_8B45D134_0117_A354_4160_F557E43B0A18.label = VIEW 3
Button_6F604271_01F6_78C6_415B_CFD4FE670598.label = VIEW 3
Button_AF1DAFFD_AA83_53A9_41D5_6EAB46B17DCE.label = VIEW IN YOUR SPACE
Button_4EEC15F9_AFC6_4B79_41B1_B1972B7B0F8F.label = VIEW IN YOUR SPACE
### Dropdown
DropDown_50CDB983_7053_03CA_4196_1FD419F0242D.prompt = FLOOR PLAN
### Image
Image_50D07253_7071_014A_41D2_086F6C2CED01.url = skin/Image_50D07253_7071_014A_41D2_086F6C2CED01_en.png
### Label
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HTMLText_50D07253_7071_014A_41CF_3E0CD384BB50.html = Mailing Address:
1616 Chappie James Ave, Tuskegee, AL 36083
Phone:
(334) 724-0922
Mailing Address:
1616 Chappie James Ave, Tuskegee, AL 36083
Phone:
(334) 724-0922
Adolph Moret
Adolph Moret, flight instructor, was born in New Orleans. After two years at Xavier College he worked as a detective with Pinkerton Detective Agency. His desire to fly let him to West Virginia State College, where he completed the Civilian Pilot Training Program. Moret returned to New Orleans, flying around the area in rented planes. He was on such a flight when Pearl Harbor was attacked, and he soon join the war effort as a flight instructor. In 1942 Moret came to Tuskegee to earn his instructors rating and become a Moton Flight instructor.
(L-R) Archie Williams, Adolph Moret, Jr., unidentified instructor, James O. Plinton, Jr., and Charles Stephens. 090318-F-2705P-003.JPG Air Firce Medical Service
Adolph Moret
Adolph Moret, flight instructor, was born in New Orleans. After two years at Xavier College he worked as a detective with Pinkerton Detective Agency. His desire to fly let him to West Virginia State College, where he completed the Civilian Pilot Training Program. Moret returned to New Orleans, flying around the area in rented planes. He was on such a flight when Pearl Harbor was attacked, and he soon join the war effort as a flight instructor. In 1942 Moret came to Tuskegee to earn his instructors rating and become a Moton Flight instructor.
(L-R) Archie Williams, Adolph Moret, Jr., unidentified instructor, James O. Plinton, Jr., and Charles Stephens. 090318-F-2705P-003.JPG Air Firce Medical Service
Alice Dungey Gray
Alice Dungey Gray was Moton Field's only permanent parachute rigger. Parachute maintenance was contracted out when Moton Field began operations. Gray asked to be trained, and after completing her course the Civil Aeronautics Administration certified her as a parachute rigger.
Alice Dungey Gray
Alice Dungey Gray was Moton Field's only permanent parachute rigger. Parachute maintenance was contracted out when Moton Field began operations. Gray asked to be trained, and after completing her course the Civil Aeronautics Administration certified her as a parachute rigger.
Army Office
Clerks in the Army Office processed military paperwork at Moton Field. Although the space around the perimeter of the main hanger was expanded and reorganized many times between 1941 and 1945, Army and Tuskegee Institute administrative staff were always located side by side. The spirit of cooperation between them helped to assure the success of the training program at Tuskegee.
Army Office
Clerks in the Army Office processed military paperwork at Moton Field. Although the space around the perimeter of the main hanger was expanded and reorganized many times between 1941 and 1945, Army and Tuskegee Institute administrative staff were always located side by side. The spirit of cooperation between them helped to assure the success of the training program at Tuskegee.
Army Supervisior's Office
The Army Supervisor commanded army operations at Moton Field. He supervised the preformance of the contractor (Tuskegee Institute) and conducted flight checks which determined whether a cadet would graduate.
Army Supervisior's Office
The Army Supervisor commanded army operations at Moton Field. He supervised the preformance of the contractor (Tuskegee Institute) and conducted flight checks which determined whether a cadet would graduate.
Awards Earned
Legion of Merit - The Army Air Forces awarded the Legion of Merit medal to those who performed in a clearly exceptional manner. It is engraved "MDCCLXXXII" (1792) in honor of the first American decoration of the Badge of Military Merit.
Silver Star - The Silver Star was earned for gallantry in action against the enemy while engaged in military operations.
Soldier's Medal - Not all medals were earned in combat. Requiring the same degree of heroism as the Distinguished Flying Cross, servicemen earned the Soldier's Medal for voluntary risk of life.
Purple Heart - Gen. George Washington established the Purple Heart as the Badge of Military Merit in 1782. Those wounded or killed in action against the enemy received this medal in the name of President Franklin Roosevelt.
Distinguished Flying Cross - The Distinguished Flying Cross honors voluntary acts of heroism above the call of duty during aerial flights. The design depicts a four-bladed propeller.
Bronze Star - The Army recognized acts of heroism performed on duty against armed enemies by individuals not participating in aerial flights with the Bronze Star.
Air Medal and Clusters - The Air Medal, instituted in 1942, depicts a compass and flying eagle holding lightning bolts. Those who performed a "meritorious achievement while participating in an aerial flight" received this medal.
Distinguished Unit Citation - All members of a unit earned a Distinguished Unit Citation, The Army recognized the gallantry and determination required to accomplish a mission under extremely difficult and hazardous conditions.
Awards Earned
Legion of Merit - The Army Air Forces awarded the Legion of Merit medal to those who performed in a clearly exceptional manner. It is engraved "MDCCLXXXII" (1792) in honor of the first American decoration of the Badge of Military Merit.
Silver Star - The Silver Star was earned for gallantry in action against the enemy while engaged in military operations.
Soldier's Medal - Not all medals were earned in combat. Requiring the same degree of heroism as the Distinguished Flying Cross, servicemen earned the Soldier's Medal for voluntary risk of life.
Purple Heart - Gen. George Washington established the Purple Heart as the Badge of Military Merit in 1782. Those wounded or killed in action against the enemy received this medal in the name of President Franklin Roosevelt.
Distinguished Flying Cross - The Distinguished Flying Cross honors voluntary acts of heroism above the call of duty during aerial flights. The design depicts a four-bladed propeller.
Bronze Star - The Army recognized acts of heroism performed on duty against armed enemies by individuals not participating in aerial flights with the Bronze Star.
Air Medal and Clusters - The Air Medal, instituted in 1942, depicts a compass and flying eagle holding lightning bolts. Those who performed a "meritorious achievement while participating in an aerial flight" received this medal.
Distinguished Unit Citation - All members of a unit earned a Distinguished Unit Citation, The Army recognized the gallantry and determination required to accomplish a mission under extremely difficult and hazardous conditions.
Base Command
"[T]he men had trained so hard and sacrificed so much in preparation for combat, I was somewhat disappointed because I wanted to lead them into combat. Col. Benjamin O. Davis Jr. in reference to the 477th Bombardment Group
Following the arrests at Freeman Field, the War Department responded to public and political pressure, appointing Col. Benjamin O. Davis Jr. in command of the 477th Composite Group in June 1945. The next month he was named Base Commander—the first African American to hold that position—at Godman Field in Kentucky. WWII ended before the 477th could be deployed. In 1946, Tuskegee Army Air Field closed, and all of the Tuskegee Airmen who remained in the Army Air Forces transferred to Lockburne Army Air Base, Ohio. For the first time, African Americans ran a military base.
Base Command
"[T]he men had trained so hard and sacrificed so much in preparation for combat, I was somewhat disappointed because I wanted to lead them into combat." Col. Benjamin O. Davis Jr. in reference to the 477th Bombardment Group
Following the arrests at Freeman Field, the War Department responded to public and political pressure, appointing Col. Benjamin O. Davis Jr. in command of the 477th Composite Group in June 1945. The next month he was named Base Commander—the first African American to hold that position—at Godman Field in Kentucky. WWII ended before the 477th could be deployed. In 1946, Tuskegee Army Air Field closed, and all of the Tuskegee Airmen who remained in the Army Air Forces transferred to Lockburne Army Air Base, Ohio. For the first time, African Americans ran a military base.
Capt Vance Marchbanks
Capt Vance Marchbanks, flight surgeon, received his medical degree from Howard University College of Medicine. After joining the Army Medical Corps, he attended the Army Air Force's School of Aviation Medicine. He was subsequently assigned to Tuskegee Army Airfield and then became the Flight Surgeon for the training detachment at Moton Field. Dr. Marchbanks was responsible for ensuring that each cadet was physically qualified for the rigors of flying. He later served with the 332nd Fighter Group in Italy. After the war he achieved distinction for his medical flight studies and his work in the Project Mercury spaceflight program.
[photo from Nellis Air Force Base nellis.af.mil]
Capt Vance Marchbanks
Capt Vance Marchbanks, flight surgeon, received his medical degree from Howard University College of Medicine. After joining the Army Medical Corps, he attended the Army Air Force's School of Aviation Medicine. He was subsequently assigned to Tuskegee Army Airfield and then became the Flight Surgeon for the training detachment at Moton Field. Dr. Marchbanks was responsible for ensuring that each cadet was physically qualified for the rigors of flying. He later served with the 332nd Fighter Group in Italy. After the war he achieved distinction for his medical flight studies and his work in the Project Mercury spaceflight program.
[photo from Nellis Air Force Base nellis.af.mil]
Capt. Robert M. Glass
Capt. Robert M. Glass was a talented fighter pilot from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, who served in WWII and the Korean War. He earned his wings and became a "Red Tail" in the 100th Fighter Squadron, 332nd Fighter Group, commanded by Lt. Col. Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. After integration he stayed in the U.S. Air Force. Sadly, at the age of 35, Capt. Glass passed away during training at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. His name is inscribed at the Memorial Honor Roll of the Air Force in Washington, D.C.
Capt. Robert M. Glass
Capt. Robert M. Glass was a talented fighter pilot from Puttsburgh, Pennsylvania, who served in WWII and the Korean War. He earned his wings and became a "Red Tail" in the 100th Fighter Squadron, 332nd Fighter Group, commanded by Lt. Col. Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. After intergration he stayed in the U.S. Air Force. Sadly, at the age of 35, Capt. Glass passed away during training at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. His name is inscribed at the Memorial Honor Roll of the Air Force in Washington, D.C.
Charles Anderson
Charles Anderson, chief instructor and group commander of the civilian flight instructor squadrons, was from Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Known as "Chief Anderson" by the staff and cadets, he became the first flight instructor at Tuskegee in August 1940. Determined to fly from an early age, he purchased a plane with money he borrowed and saved. Training himself in his own plane, he obtained his pilot's license in 1929. Anderson earned his transport pilot's license in 1933 and made several historic long-distance flights accompanied by fellow pilot and Tuskegee alumnus Dr. Albert E. Forsythe. The two attracted worldwide attention for the Pan-American Goodwill Tour in the Spirit of Booker T. Washington, which included one of the first flights of a land plane from Miami to the Bahamas. Chief Anderson brought national attention to the Tuskegee flight program when first Lady Eleanor Roosevelt accompanied him on a flight at Kennedy Field.
Charles Anderson
Charles Anderson, chief instructor and group commander of the civilian flight instructor squadrons, was from Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Known as "Chief Anderson" by the staff and cadets, he became the first flight instructor at Tuskegee in August 1940. Determined to fly from an early age, he purchased a plane with money he borrowed and saved. Training himself in his own plane, he obtained his pilot's license in 1929. Anderson earned his transport pilot's license in 1933 and made several historic long-distance flights accompanied by fellow pilot and Tuskegee alumnus Dr. Albert E. Forsythe. The two attracted worldwide attention for the Pan-American Goodwill Tour in the Spirit of Booker T. Washington, which included one of the first flights of a land plane from Miami to the Bahamas. Chief Anderson brought national attention to the Tuskegee flight program when first Lady Eleanor Roosevelt accompanied him on a flight at Kennedy Field.
Col. Noel Parrish
Commanding Officer, Tuskegee Army Air Field
"Whether we like or dislike the Negroes and whether they like or dislike us, under the Constitution of the United States, which we are all sworn to uphold, they are citizens of the United States having the same rights and privileges of other citizens and entitled to the same applications and protection of laws." Col. Noel Parrish
Col. Noel Parrish
Commanding Officer, Tuskegee Army Air Field
"Whether we like or dislike the Negroes and whether they like or dislike us, under the Constitution of the United States, which we are all sworn to uphold, they are citizens of the United States having the same rights and privileges of other citizens and entitled to the same applications and protection of laws." Col. Noel Parrish
Confronting Jim Crow
At the beginning of World War II much of American society still lived by system of racial separation and restriction known as "Jim Crow." In the north, Jim crow was often practice as a matter of custom, but the system was strictly enforced by law — and sometimes violence — in the Deep South. The U.S. military's policies reflected those of larger society: African Americans historically could serve and only for segregated Army regiments — originally established as the "Buffalo Soldier" regiments.
Responding to pressure from the NAACP and the African American press, the Army Air Corps (AAC) created the 99th Pursuit Squadron, but established it as a segregated unit. The AAC contracted with Tuskegee Institute and built Tuskegee Army Air Field (TAAF) specifically to provide segregated basic and advanced flight training for the 99th. After taking command of TAAF in December 1942, Col. Noel Parrish — a white native southerner — worked to soften the impact of the restrictive policies.
Confronting Jim Crow
At the beginning of World War II much of American society still lived by system of racial separation and restriction known as "Jim Crow." In the north, Jim crow was often practice as a matter of custom, but the system was strictly enforced by law — and sometimes violence — in the deep south. The U.S. military's policies reflected those of larger society: African Americans historically could serve and only for segregated army regiments — originally established as the "Buffalo Soldier" regiments.
Responding to pressure from the NAACP and the African American press, the Army Air Corps (AAC) created the 99th Pursuit Squadron, but established it as a segregated unit. The AAC contracted with Tuskegee Institute and built Tuskegee Army Air Field (TAAF) specifically to provide segregated basic and advanced flight training for the 99th. After taking command of TAAF in December 1942, Col. Noel Parrish — a white native southerner — worked to soften the impact of the restrictive policies.
Double V
"There [was] one high-ranking official that always [had] some prejudicial remarks about Blacks -the young men who were preparing to sacrifice their lives for their country. It was very disgusting to me to think of a man of his position was so ignorant." Gen. Noel F. Parrish Commander of Tuskegee Army Airfield 1970s.
Once the 99th Fighter Squadron achieved its required number of pilots, additional squadrons were activated, and the number of Tuskegee Airmen snowballed. They experienced increasing racism at bases across the United States.
Double V
"There [was] one high-ranking official that always [had] some prejudicial remarks about Blacks —the young men who were preparing to sacrifice their lives for their country. It was very disgusting to me to think of a man of his position was so ignorant." Gen. Noel F. Parrish Commander of Tuskegee Army Airfield 1970s.
Once the 99th Fighter Squadron achieved its required number of pilots, additional squadrons were activated, and the number of Tuskegee Airmen snowballed. They experienced increasing racism at bases across the United States.
Double V
"[The 99th was] battle hardened and one of the most experienced in giving close air support to ground troops in the entire theatre of operation." Maj. Gen. John K. Cannon Commanding Officer, Twelfth Air Force, May 16, 1944
Double V
"[The 99th was] battle hardened and one of the most experienced in giving close air support to ground troops in the entire theatre of operation." Maj. Gen. John K. Cannon Commanding Officer, Twelfth Air Force, May 16, 1944
Double V: Fighting for Victory at Home and Abroad
The story of the Tuskegee Airmen is the story of the "Double Victory Campaign": Victory abroad against the Axis powers of Nazi Germany, fascist Italy and imperial Japan and victory at home against racism, discrimination and racial violence.
James Thompson, a cafeteria worker, first coined the motto "Double V" in a letter to the editor of The Pittsburgh Courier in February 1942. Readers responded to the idea. The newspaper promoted the "Double V" throughout the war, creating stickers, pins, songs, and other publicity.
Double V: Fighting for Victory at Home and Abroad
The story of the Tuskegee Airmen is the story of the
"Double Victory Campaign": Victory abroad against the Axis powers of Nazi Germany, fascist Italy and imperial Japan and victory at home against racism, discrimination and racial violence.
James Thompson, a cafeteria worker, first coined the motto "Double V" in a letter to the editor of The Pittsburgh Courier in February 1942. Readers responded to the idea. The newspaper promoted the "Double V" throughout the war, creating stickers, pins, songs, and other publicity.
Engine
Most trainers used at Moton Field were Stearman PT 17's powered by the Continental R670 engine. This was a single engine plane, so the engine had to be dependable. During the 100-hour check, its ground crew changed the spark plugs and oil, and gave the engine a thorough inspection. After 750 flight hours, they pulled the engine for a major overhaul. For this job, they sent it to the depot, where the highest level of maintenance and the most technical tasks were performed. Occasionally the entire engine had to be replaced.
Engine
Most trainers used at Moton Field were Stearman PT 17's powered by the Continental R670 engine. This was a single engine plane, so the engine had to be dependable. During the 100-hour check, its ground crew changed the spark plugs and oil, and gave the engine a thorough inspection. After 750 flight hours, they pulled the engine for a major overhaul. For this job, they sent it to the depot, where the highest level of maintenance and the most technical tasks were performed. Occasionally the entire engine had to be replaced.
Fighting Against Racism at Home
Despite the War Department directive banning segregated facilities, Col. Robert Selway, commander of the 477th Bombardment Group, and others discriminated against African American personnel. Throughout 1944 and 1945, the 477th protested against unfair treatment on and off the base.
[Selway] established two separate Officers' Clubs: Club Number Two for use by white base and
supervisory personnel and Club Number One for use by African American officers, called "trainees" even though some had combat experience.
Insulted, the 477th officers planned non-violent protests. Small groups tried to enter the all-white
Club Number Two repeatedly during April 1945. They were denied entry, and placed under arrest "in quarters".
Fighting Against Racism at Home
Despite the War Department directive banning segregated facilities, Col. Robert Selway, commander of the 477th Bombardment Group, and others discriminated against African American personnel. Throughout 1944 and 1945, the 477th protested against unfair treatment on and off the base.
[Selway] established two separate Officers' Clubs: Club Number Two for use by white base and
supervisory personnel and Club Number One for use by African American officers, called "trainees" even though some had combat experience.
Insulted, the 477th officers planned non-violent protests. Small groups tried to enter the all-white
Club Number Two repeatedly during April 1945. They were denied entry, and placed under arrest "in quarters".
George Carper
George Carper, crew chief, was born in Kirkwood, Missouri. With a greater interest in working on planes than flying them, he entered the Tuskegee institute aeromechanics program in 1941. He learned the trade quickly, and after three months of training was hired as a full-time employee by Tuskegee. Eventually becoming a crew chief, Carper was one of only a handful of civilian aircraft mechanics at Moton Field during the early days of pilot training.
George Carper
George Carper, crew chief, was born in Kirkwood, Missouri. With a greater interest in working on planes than flying them, he entered the Tuskegee institute aeromechanics program in 1941. He learned the trade quickly, and after three months of training was hired as a full-time employee by Tuskegee. Eventually becoming a crew chief, Carper was one of only a handful of civilian aircraft mechanics at Moton Field during the early days of pilot training.
George L. Washington
George Washington, General Manager of Moton Field, was born in Norfolk, Virginia. He was responsible for the overall operation of the field. Washington earned a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. As Director of Mechanical Industries of Tuskegee Institute, Professor Washington was instrumental in the establishment of the Tuskegee Civilian Pilot Training Program. After he became Director of the school's Division of Aeronautics, the Army Air Corps contracted with Tuskegee Institute to conduct primary flight training under his leadership.
George L. Washington
George Washington, General Manager of Moton Field, was born in Norfolk, Virginia. He was responsible for the overall operation of the field. Washington earned a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. As Director of Mechanical Industries of Tuskegee Institute, Professor Washington was instrumental in the establishment of the Tuskegee Civilian Pilot Training Program. After he became Director of the school's Division of Aeronautics, the Army Air Corps contracted with Tuskegee Institute to conduct primary flight training under his leadership.
Gertrude Anderson
Gertrude Anderson, assistant to the general manager, was the wife of chief instructor Charles Anderson. She began as G.L. Washington's secretary in the late summer of 1940. Washington named her his assistant after his office was moved to Moton Field. While working at Moton Field, Anderson oversaw the administration at Kennedy Field until the civilian flight training program was terminated. Anderson also kept records of flying time for each aviation cadet.
Gertrude Anderson
Gertrude Anderson, assistant to the general manager, was the wife of chief instructor Charles Anderson. She began as G.L. Washington's secretary in the late summer of 1940. Washington named her his assistant after his office was moved to Moton Field. While working at Moton Field, Anderson oversaw the administration at Kennedy Field until the civilian flight training program was terminated. Anderson also kept records of flying time for each aviation cadet.
Howard Frazier
Howard Frazier, 1st Lt., Intelligence officer, was responsible for what was termed the cadets' "war orientation" — preparing them for the real world of combat. He taught them to identify enemy ground forces, ships, tanks, and artillery, using photographs taken from angles at which pilots would most likely see them. In the secure War Room Lieutenant Frazier kept official and classified reports from the front that helped him teach the cadets about the enemy they would face. The expansion of Moton Field allowed him to increase the hours of operation and resources of the War Room and its intelligence library.
Howard Frazier
Howard Frazier, 1st Lt., Intelligence officer, was responsible for what was termed the cadets' "war orientation" — preparing them for the real world of combat. He taught them to identify enemy ground forces, ships, tanks, and artillery, using photographs taken from angles at which pilots would most likely see them. In the secure War Room Lieutenant Frazier kept official and classified reports from the front that helped him teach the cadets about the enemy they would face. The expansion of Moton Field allowed him to increase the hours of operation and resources of the War Room and its intelligence library.
Inspire a Living Legacy
"History will remember the Tuskegee Airmen as patriots who preformed their duties with impeccable courage, commitment, and character, representing the best America has to offer...and I am one of the humble many who stand on their shoulders."
President Barack Obama
Inspire a Living Legacy
"History will remember the Tuskegee Airmen as patriots who preformed their duties with impeccable courage, committment, and character, representing the best America has to offer...and I am one of the humble many who stand on their shoulders."
President Barack Obama
J-3 Piper Cub
The J-3 Piper Cub was a simple yet vital aircraft during World War II, used for reconnaissance, medical evacuation, and spotting enemy artillery. The two-seat, tandem taildragger aircraft was built between 1937 and 1947. Its light frame made it easy to handle, which also made it a key training aircraft for pilots, including the Tuskegee Airmen. The bright yellow frame became iconic on bases. Tuskegee Flight Instructor Charles "Chief" Anderson took First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt on their historic flight in a Piper Cub.
J-3 Piper Cub
The J-3 Piper Cub was a simple yet vital aircraft during World War II, used for reconnaissance, medical evacuation, and spotting enemy artillery. The two-seat, tandem taildragger aircraft was built between 1937 and 1947. Its light frame made it easy to handle, which also made it a key training aircraft for pilots, including the Tuskegee Airmen. The bright yellow frame became iconic on bases. Tuskegee Flight Instructor Charles "Chief" Anderson took First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt on their historic flight in a Piper Cub.
Know Your Enemy
The alliance of nations who fought the U.S. and its allies was known as the Axis.The enemy alliance began with the pact signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan in 1940. A number of other nations joined the Axis during the war, among them Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Bulgaria. In September 1939 Germany had invaded Poland, igniting the war in Europe. The German Army, supported by the German Air Force — the Luftwaffe — marched across Europe. The Italians and the Germans joined forces in Europe and North Africa while Japanese forces spread across the Pacific. Part of the Japanese campaign was the attack on Pearl Harbor that brought the United States into the war.
Know Your Enemy
The alliance of nations who fought the U.S. and its allies was known as the Axis.The enemy alliance began with the pact signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan in 1940. A number of other nations joined the Axis during the war, among them Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Bulgaria. In September 1939 Germany had invaded Poland, igniting the war in Europe. The German Army, supported by the German Air Force-the Luftwaffe-marched across Europe. The Italians and the Germans joined forces in Europe and North Africa while Japanese forces spread across the Pacific. Part of the Japanese campaign was the attack on Pearl Harbor that brought the United States into the war.
Link Trainer
An early flight simulator manufactured by Link Aviation Devices, a Link Trainer became standard equipment at every US and Allied air training school during World War II. A Link Trainer is a wooden box the size and shape of a fuselage and cockpit, complete with a pilot’s seat, aircraft controls, and a full instrument panel. Attached to a base with pump, bellows, and other equipment, the box moved, shook, and simulated action.
The “Blue Box”, as it was often known, was a vital piece of training equipment used by Tuskegee Airmen at Moton Field.
Link Trainer
An early flight simulator manufactured by Link Aviation Devices, a Link Trainer became standard equipment at every US and Allied air training school during World War II. A Link Trainer is a wooden box the size and shape of a fuselage and cockpit, complete with a pilot’s seat, aircraft controls, and a full instrument panel. Attached to a base with pump, bellows, and other equipment, the box moved, shook, and simulated action.
The “Blue Box”, as it was often known, was a vital piece of training equipment used by Tuskegee Airmen at Moton Field.
Maj. Della Raney Jackson
Maj. Della Raney Jackson was the first African American nurse to be accepted into the US Army nurse corps. In 1942, she was promoted to chief nurse at the base hospital at Tuskegee Army airfield, becoming captain before the end of World War II. After World War II, Maj. Raney headed the nursing staff at Camp Beale in California and served a tour of duty in Japan before retiring from the military in 1978.
Maj. Della Raney Jackson
Maj. Della Raney Jackson was the first African American nurse to be accepted into the US Army nurse corps. In 1942, she was promoted to chief nurse at the base hospital at Tuskegee Army airfield, becoming captain before the end of World War II. After World War II, Maj. Raney headed the nursing staff at Camp Beale in California and served a tour of duty in Japan before retiring from the military in 1978.
Malvin "Mal" Whitfield
Olympic champion and statesman Mal Whitfield enjoyed success as an amateur athlete, coach, mentor, and diplomat. A five-time Olympic medal winner, he served as a US sports goodwill ambassador to Africa for 34 years. Known as "The father of organized athletics" in Africa, Whitfield trained athletes at 132 countries.
Malvin "Mal" Whitfield
Olympic champion and statesman Mal Whitfield enjoyed success as an amatuer athlete, coach, mentor, and diplomat. A five-time Olympic medal winner, he served as a US sports goodwill ambassador to Africa for 34 years. Known as "The father of organized athletics" in Africa, Whitfield trained athletes at 132 countries.
Manager's Office
George L. Washington's determination and vision brought the Primary Flight Training Program to Tuskegee. As a faculty member of Tuskegee Institute, Washington served as an Engineer and Director of Mechanical Industries and Division of Aeronautics at Tuskegee Institute. He oversaw the construction, outfitting, and expansion of Moton Field. As General Manager, Washington hired and supervised flight instructors, airplane maintenance personnel, and other support personnel and ensured the cadets were properly housed and fed.
Manager's Office
George L. Washington's determination and vision brought the Primary Flight Training Program to Tuskegee. As a faculty member of Tuskegee Institute, Washington served as an Engineer and Director of Mechanical Industries and Division of Aeronautics at Tuskegee Institute. He oversaw the construction, outfitting, and expansion of Moton Field. As General Manager, Washington hired and supervised flight instructors, airplane maintenance personnel, and other support personnel and ensured the cadets were properly housed and fed.
Moton Field in the Spring of 1943
In the summer of 1941 Tuskegee Institute hired Alexander & Repass, an Iowa contracting firm founded by African American engineer and contractor Archie A. Alexander, to construct Moton Field. When rain delayed construction, Tuskegee made its resources - facilities, craftsman, and student labor - available to the firm. Managed by the schools Division of Aeronautics, Moton Field began operating that fall as a primary flight training facility contracted by the Army Air Corps (AAC).
By the spring of 1943 over a hundred cadets had been trained at Moton Field. The AAC had activated four fighter squadrons trained at Moton Field and Tuskegee Army airfield - the 99th, 100th, 301st, 302nd, with the 99th already deployed overseas. As class sizes steadily grew larger to meet the demands of war, Tuskegee expanded Moton Field to include a second hanger and a control tower.
Robert Russa Moton (1867-1940) was the second president of Tuskegee Institute, succeeding Booker T. Washington in 1915 and serving until 1935. During his administration the school grew rapidly, and Dr. Moton oversaw the building in 1923 of the Tuskegee Veterans Administration Hospital for Negroes, the only VA hospital staff by African Americans. Tuskegee institute primary flight training field was dedicated in April 1943 in memory of Dr. Moton.
Moton Field in the Spring of 1943
In the summer of 1941 Tuskegee Institute hired Alexander & Repass, an Iowa contracting firm founded by African American engineer and contractor Archie A. Alexander, to construct Moton Field. When rain delayed construction, Tuskegee made its resources — facilities, craftsman, and student labor — available to the firm. Managed by the schools Division of Aeronautics, Moton Field began operating that fall as a primary flight training facility contracted by the Army Air Corps (AAC).
By the spring of 1943 over a hundred cadets had been trained at Moton Field. The AAC had activated four fighter squadrons trained at Moton Field and Tuskegee Army Airfield - the 99th, 100th, 301st, and 302nd, with the 99th already deployed overseas. As class sizes steadily grew larger to meet the demands of war, Tuskegee expanded Moton Field to include a second hanger and a control tower.
Robert Russa Moton (1867-1940) was the second president of Tuskegee Institute, succeeding Booker T. Washington in 1915 and serving until 1935. During his administration the school grew rapidly, and Dr. Moton oversaw the building in 1923 of the Tuskegee Veterans Administration Hospital for Negroes, the only VA hospital staffed by African Americans. Tuskegee Institute's primary flight training field was dedicated in April 1943 in memory of Dr. Moton.
Officer Letters
Col. Robert Selway Jr., commanding officer of the 477th Bombardment Group, wrote a reprimand letter to officers arrested at Freeman Field. "You displayed a stubborn and uncooperative attitude… [Y]ou have failed definitely in your obligation to your command and country."
The 477th Bombardment Group responded. "[It is our] unshaken belief that racial bias is Fascistic, un-American, and directly contrary to the ideals for which [we are] willing to fight and die… [We ask only for] the extension of the identical courtesies extended to all other officers of the Army."
Officer Letters
Col. Robert Selway Jr., commanding officer of the 477th Bombardment Group, wrote a reprimand letter to officers arrested at Freeman Field. "You displayed a stubborn and uncooperative attitude… [Y]ou have failed definitely in your obligation to your command and country."
The 477th Bombardment Group responded. "[It is our] unshaken belief that racial bias is Fascistic, un-American, and directly contrary to the ideals for which [we are] willing to fight and die… [We ask only for] the extension of the identical courtesies extended to all other officers of the Army."
Operations
First to the Classroom: While in preflight training, the cadets spent half the day in the classroom on the Tuskegee Institute campus. Here they mastered the theory of flight, physics, navigation, radio procedures, and aircraft recognition. Military instructors indoctrinated them into the Army and taught them what they needed to be good officers.
Physical Training: Aviation cadets in preflight spent the other half of their day in the hands of Army fitness instructors. Flying a fighter plane in combat was a demanding physical activity; cadets endured a long physical conditioning program to get them ready.
Getting in the Air: In primary flight training a cadet received 60 hours of training in the Stearmen PT-17, during which he had to satisfy the exacting demands of his fight instructor. The instructor taught him the basics, including ground operations, takeoffs, turns, climbs, aerobatics, descents, landings, and emergency procedures. After learning these maneuvers while flying dual with the instructor, the cadet was expected to make a solo flight and then a solo cross-country fight. If he made it through primary at Moton Field, the cadet moved on to basic flight training of Tuskegee Army Air Field.
Operations
First to the Classroom: While in preflight training, the cadets spent half the day in the classroom on the Tuskegee Institute campus. Here they mastered the theory of flight, physics, navigation, radio procedures, and aircraft recognition. Military instructors indoctrinated them into the Army and taught them what they needed to be good officers.
Physical Training: Aviation cadets in preflight spent the other half of their day in the hands of Army fitness instructors. Flying a fighter plane in combat was a demanding physical activity; cadets endured a long physical conditioning program to get them ready.
Getting in the Air: In primary flight training a cadet received 60 hours of training in the Stearmen PT-17, during which he had to satisfy the exacting demands of his fight instructor. The instructor taught him the basics, including ground operations, takeoffs, turns, climbs, aerobatics, descents, landings, and emergency procedures. After learning these maneuvers while flying dual with the instructor, the cadet was expected to make a solo flight and then a solo cross-country fight. If he made it through primary at Moton Field, the cadet moved on to basic flight training of Tuskegee Army Air Field.
Percy Sutton
Percy Sutton graduated from Columbia Law School and became the first African American trial judge advocate in the Air Force. He left the military in 1953 and opened a law office in Harlem, where he represented civil rights activists and organizations, including Malcolm X. He was arrested as a Freedom Rider in the south in 1961. In 1966 he was appointed Manhattan borough president, making him the highest ranking African American official in the New York Senate. In 1971 he and his brother purchased WLIB, making it the first African American-owned radio station in New York City, and formed the Inner City Broadcasting Corporation, a national radio network. In 1981 he purchased an rehabilitated the shuttered Apollo Theater, and produced a television broadcast, "It's Showtime at the Apollo" from 1992 to 1997.
Percy Sutton
Percy Sutton graduated from Columbia Law School and became the first African American trial judge advocate in the Air Force. He left the military in 1953 and opened a law office in Harlem, where he represented civil rights activists and organizations, including Malcolm X. He was arrested as a Freedom Rider in the south in 1961. In 1966 he was appointed Manhattan borough president, making him the highest ranking African American official in the New York Senate. In 1971 he and his brother purchased WLIB, making it the first African American-owned radio station in New York City, and formed the Inner City Broadcasting Corporation, a national radio network. In 1981 he purchased an rehabilitated the shuttered Apollo Theater, and produced a television broadcast, "It's Showtime at the Apollo" from 1992 to 1997.
Preparing the Planes for Flight
The ground crews began work by conducting a preflight inspection. The mechanics started by "pulling through" the propeller, turning it to circulate the oil evenly through the cylinders to prevent engine damage. They then checked the wings and outer controls (rudder, elevator, and ailerons) and inner controls (engine temperature, throttle, and mixture control). Next the mechanics started the engine, and as it warmed up to operating temperature, they monitored engine performance and compared instrument readings and communications between the front and rear cockpits. As they taxied the plane into position for its first flight, they checked the brakes and operation of the flight controls. The inspection complete they shut down the engine and the plane was ready for flight.
Preparing the Planes for Flight
The ground crews began work by conducting a preflight inspection. The mechanics started by "pulling through" the propeller, turning it to circulate the oil evenly through the cylinders to prevent engine damage. They then checked the wings and outer controls (rudder, elevator, and ailerons) and inner controls (engine temperature, throttle, and mixture control). Next the mechanics started the engine, and as it warmed up to operating temperature, they monitored engine performance and compared instrument readings and communications between the front and rear cockpits. As they taxied the plane into position for its first flight, they checked the brakes and operation of the flight controls. The inspection complete they shut down the engine and the plane was ready for flight.
Roger "Bill" Terry
Roger Terry earned a law degree after being dishonorably discharged from the military as a result of incidents at Freeman Army airfield. Denied the ability to become an attorney because of his discharge, Terry instead spent 35 years in law-enforcement with the Los Angeles county district attorney's office and the Los Angeles County prohibition department. The US Air Force set aside his conviction in 1995.
Roger "Bill" Terry
Roger Terry earned a law degree after being dishonorably discharged from the military as a result of incidents at Freeman Army airfield. Denied the ability to become an attorney because of his discharge, Terry instead spent 35 years in law-enforcement with the Los Angeles county district attorney's office and the Los Angeles County prohibition department. The US Air Force set aside his conviction in 1995.
Roscoe Draper
Roscoe Draper, flight instructor, born and Haverford, Pennsylvania. He attended Hampton Institute, where he enrolled in the Civilian Pilot Training Program. After earning his private pilot's license in May 1940, he was selected to go to Tuskegee for more advanced training. Draper was a member of Tuskegee's first CPT secondary pilot training class. After completing the course in 1941 and receiving instructor training, he became an instructor in Tuskegee's CPT program at Kennedy Field. In 1943 Draper was transferred to Moton Field.
Roscoe Draper
Roscoe Draper, flight instructor, born and Haverford, Pennsylvania. He attended Hampton Institute, where he enrolled in the Civilian Pilot Training Program. After earning his private pilot's license in May 1940, he was selected to go to Tuskegee for more advanced training. Draper was a member of Tuskegee's first CPT secondary pilot training class. After completing the course in 1941 and receiving instructor training, he became an instructor in Tuskegee's CPT program at Kennedy Field. In 1943 Draper was transferred to Moton Field.
Stay Informed
The Intelligence Officer made intelligence bulletins and summaries available to all military personnel, including cadets. He maintained a register of visitors to the War Room and Library and kept a chart showing the material read by each trainee. Cadets also had access to classified intelligence summaries; technical, field, and Army Air Force manuals; weekly War Room Summaries; newspapers; and magazines. He kept a permanent file of weekly Newsmaps posted for ready reference.
Stay Informed
The Intelligence Officer made intelligence bulletins and summaries available to all military personnel, including cadets. He maintained a register of visitors to the War Room and Library and kept a chart showing the material read by each trainee. Cadets also had access to classified intelligence summaries; technical, field, and Army Air Force manuals; weekly War Room Summaries; newspapers; and magazines. He kept a permanent file of weekly Newsmaps posted for ready reference.
The Art of Flight Instruction
The PT-17, nicknamed the "Kaydet," was the trainer normally used at Moton Field. Cadets typically occupied the front cockpit while their instructors sat in the rear with identical controls, though their positions might be reversed depending on the type of training and the instructor. The civilian instructors trained the cadets according to military regulations and standards. During dual flights the instructor demonstrated the required maneuvers and evaluated the cadet's efforts. When the instructor was convinced of the cadet's proficiency, he was allowed to solo.
Before soling, cadets had to master the required maneuvers within a specified minimum and maximum number of hours. Instructors got to know each of their cadets, their strengths and weaknesses, and their rate of learning. If necessary, they would work with them after flight training operations were over for the day. Cadets needing more work could spend up to three hours studying in the evening before taps. Even so, some cadets with the aptitude to become pilots were "washed out" (dropped from the program) because they did not learn at the required pace.
The Art of Flight Instruction
The PT-17, nicknamed the "Kaydet," was the trainer normally used at Moton Field. Cadets typically occupied the front cockpit while their instructors sat in the rear with identical controls, though their positions might be reversed depending on the type of training and the instructor. The civilian instructors trained the cadets according to military regulations and standards. During dual flights the instructor demonstrated the required maneuvers and evaluated the cadet's efforts. When the instructor was convinced of the cadet's proficiency, he was allowed to solo.
Before soling, cadets had to master the required maneuvers within a specified minimum and maximum number of hours. Instructors got to know each of their cadets, their strengths and weaknesses, and their rate of learning. If necessary, they would work with them after flight training operations were over for the day. Cadets needing more work could spend up to three hours studying in the evening before taps. Even so, some cadets with the aptitude to become pilots were "washed out" (dropped from the program) because they did not learn at the required pace.
The Last Hurdle
Every cadet had to make a solo cross-country flight flying the plane to a remote field and returning to home base — before graduating from primary flight training. A cross-country flight drew on all the skills the student had gained, requiring careful planning and proficiency in navigation and aircraft handling. The cadet first made a dual cross-country flight with an instructor in the rear seat. After his successtul solo flight, the cadet was ready to move on to basic flight training at Tuskegee Army Air Field.
The Last Hurdle
Every cadet had to make a solo cross-country flight — flying the plane to a remote field and returning to home base — before graduating from primary flight training. A cross-country flight drew on all the skills the student had gained, requiring careful planning and proficiency in navigation and aircraft handling. The cadet first made a dual cross-country flight with an instructor in the rear seat. After his successful solo flight, the cadet was ready to move on to basic flight training at Tuskegee Army Air Field.
Training Day
A typical training day was long and demanding for both cadets and instructors. They arrived at Moton Field at around seven in the morning and instructors briefed thier students — up to five for each instructor — on the maneuvers to be performed that day. Then students conducted preflight checks on their aircraft and the training began, with some students flying in the morning and others in the afternoon. The instructors critiqued students at the end of the day, then often worked after normal training hours to help those who needed more instruction.
Training Day
A typical training day was long and demanding for both cadets and instructors. They arrived at Moton Field at around seven in the morning and instructors briefed thier students — up to five for each instructor — on the maneuvers to be performed that day. Then students conducted preflight checks on their aircraft and the training began, with some students flying in the morning and others in the afternoon. The instructors critiqued students at the end of the day, then often worked after normal training hours to help those who needed more instruction.
Training the Maintenance Personnel
All the mechanics at Moton Field and their apprentices and helpers were civilians, and most were trained at Tuskegee Institute. They attended a three-month mechanics course, then entered an apprentice program under the supervision of the Chief of Maintenance, Austin Humbles. From the early days of the aviation program, two other aircraft and engine-rated mechanics were instrumental in training mechanics and in the maintenance of planes, Walter Finch and Elliot Gray.
Training the Maintenance Personnel
All the mechanics at Moton Field and their apprentices and helpers were civilians, and most were trained at Tuskegee Institute. They attended a three-month mechanics course, then entered an apprentice program under the supervision of the Chief of Maintenance, Austin Humbles. From the early days of the aviation program, two other aircraft and engine-rated mechanics were instrumental in training mechanics and in the maintenance of planes, Walter Finch and Elliot Gray.
Transitions to a More Perfect Union
Following integration, the 332nd Fighter Group remained a segregated unit at Lockbourne Army Air Field in Ohio until it was deactivated in 1949. The US Air Force individually reassigned the Tuskegee Airmen and no longer kept personnel files based on race.
Transitions to a More Perfect Union
Following integration, the 332nd Fighter Group remained a segregated unit at Lockbourne Army Air Field in Ohio until it was deactivated in 1949. The US Air Force individually reassigned the Tuskegee Airmen and no longer kept personnel files based on race.
Victory at Home and Abroad
African Americans and their supporters, the Black Press, and labor leaders initiated advocacy campaigns that initiated progress in civil rights with Americans in pursuit of "Victory", African Americans fought for better jobs and equal pay in the thriving war economy. They used the slogan "We loyal Negro American citizens demand the right to work and fight for our country."
African Americans supported the war effort in many ways. These Chicago school children tirelessly saved and raise funds in order to present Maj. C. Udell Turpin of the Illinois Ward Bond Sales staff with this impressive check for $263,148.83, enough to buy 125 Jeeps, two planes, and a motorcycle.
War Ends
Fighting in Europe ended on May 8, 1945: victory in Europe V-E day. The allied forces were sent home. American troops fighting in the Pacific returned home after August 14: victory in Japan V-J day. World War II was over.
As the nation demobilized many Tuskegee Airmen left the Army Air Forces. The following March, Col. Benjamin O. Davis Jr commanded all active duty African Americans in the Army Air Force is at Lockbourne Army Airfield in Ohio. The Tuskegee Airmen had proven their skills and dedication, but the military remain segregated.
War Ends
Fighting in Europe ended on May 8, 1945: victory in Europe V-E day. The allied forces were sent home. American troops fighting in the Pacific returned home after August 14: victory in Japan V-J day. World War II was over.
As the nation demobilized many Tuskegee Airmen left the Army Air Forces. The following March, Col. Benjamin O. Davis Jr commanded all active duty African Americans in the Army Air Force is at Lockbourne Army Airfield in Ohio. The Tuskegee Airmen had proven their skills and dedication, but the military remain segregated.
Washing Out
Flight training was difficult throughout the Army's aviation training program, and many aviation cadets failed to complete it — they washed out. Washout rates at Tuskegee's primary flying school were also high, but this school's special circumstances complicated the issue. and to some cadets the program here seemed especially tough. Moton Field was one of a number of military primary flight training facilities run by civilian contractors, but it was the only one where African Americans were trained. All cadets graduating from Moton had one place to go for basic and advanced flight training — Tuskegee Army Air Field (TAAF). This restriction of African American cadets to Moton Field and TAAF created a de facto quota system, and a number of cadets who washed out at Moton Field believed they were not given a fair chance to become military pilots.
Washing Out
Flight training was difficult throughout the Army's aviation training program, and many aviation cadets failed to complete it — they washed out. Washout rates at Tuskegee's primary flying school were also high, but this school's special circumstances complicated the issue. and to some cadets the program here seemed especially tough. Moton Field was one of a number of military primary flight training facilities run by civilian contractors, but it was the only one where African Americans were trained. All cadets graduating from Moton had one place to go for basic and advanced flight training — Tuskegee Army Air Field (TAAF). This restriction of African American cadets to Moton Field and TAAF created a de facto quota system, and a number of cadets who washed out at Moton Field believed they were not given a fair chance to become military pilots.
Where They Trained
Tuskegee Army Flying School Training Sites:
Kennedy Field became the first airfield operated by Tuskegee Institute when it was leased in 1940 to provide civilian pilot training (CPT) as part of the nationwide CPT Program. The first class of military flight cadets trained at Kennedy in 1941 while Moton Field was being built.
Tuskegee Institute began in a one room church building in 1881 under the leadership of Booker T. Washington. By 1941 the school had become a major center of African American education. Aviation candidates attended preflight training on the campus and were housed in Tuskegee's Sage Hall during preflight and primary flight training.
Moton Field was established by Tuskegee Institute in 1941 to provide contracted primary flight training to African Americans for service in the Army Air Corps.
The AAC began construction of Tuskegee Army Airfield in 1941 to provide basic and advanced flight training to African Americans. The first class of aviation cadets began basic flight training at TAAF in November 1941.
Where They Trained
Tuskegee Army Flying School Training Sites:
Kennedy Field became the first airfield operated by Tuskegee Institute when it was leased in 1940 to provide civilian pilot training (CPT) as part of the nationwide CPT Program. The first class of military flight cadets trained at Kennedy in 1941 while Moton Field was being built.
Tuskegee Institute began in a one room church building in 1881 under the leadership of Booker T. Washington. By 1941 the school had become a major center of African American education. Aviation candidates attended preflight training on the campus and were housed in Tuskegee's Sage Hall during preflight and primary flight training.
Moton Field was established by Tuskegee Institute in 1941 to provide contracted primary flight training to African Americans for service in the Army Air Corps.
The AAC began construction of Tuskegee Army Airfield in 1941 to provide basic and advanced flight training to African Americans. The first class of aviation cadets began basic flight training at TAAF in November 1941.
Who were the Tuskegee Airmen?
"They said we didn't have the intelligence, the demeanor, the courage to be combat pilots. They learned different. All we needed was a chance and training." Col. Charles E. McGee Pilot, c. 2005
There are about 16,000 Tuskegee Airmen, Some volunteered. Others were drafted into service. Dedicated and skilled, Tuskegee Airmen completed specialized training at several bases throughout the country. Although some Tuskegee Airmen never came to Tuskegee, all of them supported the pilots that trained here.
Who were the Tuskegee Airmen?
"They said we didn't have the intelligence, the demeanor, the courage to be combat pilots. They learned different. All we needed was a chance and training." Col. Charles E. McGee Pilot, c. 2005
There are about 16,000 Tuskegee Airmen. Some volunteered. Others were drafted into service. Dedicated and skilled, Tuskegee Airmen completed specialized training at several bases throughout the country. Although some Tuskegee Airmen never came to Tuskegee, all of them supported the pilots that trained here.
Wing Maintenance
Mechanics carefully examined the all important wings as part of routine aircraft inspection. If a wing was severely damaged, it was replaced. As with all parts, the Army requisitioned the new wing through the military supply system and civilian mechanics installed it. The PT-17's bi-wings and fuselage were covered with a special linen fabric. If wing damage could be repaired, the mechanics stretched new fabric over the wing. Then in a temperature-controlled room they applied a clear solution called "dope," painting several layers over the fabric for strength, rigidity, and water resistance.
This section of the wing shows the subsequent layers of dope applied, which strengthens and waterproofs the wing. With the doping complete, the wing is ready to be attached to the plane.
Wing Maintenance
Mechanics carefully examined the all important wings as part of routine aircraft inspection. If a wing was severely damaged, it was replaced. As with all parts, the Army requisitioned the new wing through the military supply system and civilian mechanics installed it. The PT-17's bi-wings and fuselage were covered with a special linen fabric. If wing damage could be repaired, the mechanics stretched new fabric over the wing. Then in a
temperature-controlled room they applied a clear solution called "dope," painting several layers over the fabric for strength, rigidily, and water resistence.
This section of the wing shows the subsequent layers of dope applied, which stregnthens and waterproofs the wing. With the doping complete, the wing is ready to be attatched to the plane.
Airmen Jacket
This Type A-2 flying jacket is dark brown leather with snap-flap pockets on either side of the zipper, knit cuffs and waistband, and a fabric lining. As a standard issue item for the US Army Air Corps, it defined the classic WWII pilot look. Pilots often decorated their jackets with patches, and this Tuskegee pilot was no exception. Under a rectangular leather name patch on the left breast is a large round squadron patch featuring a winged feline flying past broken chains and hands holding a wrench. On the shoulder is another circular patch, originally the emblem of the 15th Air Force, featureing a blue background beneath a white star with an embedded red circle and yellow wings.
This jacket belonged to 2nd Lt. Henry B. Perry.
Airmen Jacket
This Type A-2 flying jacket is dark brown leather with snap-flap pockets on either side of the zipper, knit cuffs and waistband, and a fabric lining. As a standard issue item for the US Army Air Corps, it defined the classic WWII pilot look. Pilots often decorated their jackets with patches, and this Tuskegee pilot was no exception. Under a rectangular leather name patch on the left breast is a large round squadron patch featuring a winged feline flying past broken chains and hands holding a wrench. On the shoulder is another circular patch, originally the emblem of the 15th Air Force, featureing a blue background beneath a white star with an embedded red circle and yellow wings.
This jacket belonged to 2nd Lt. Henry B. Perry.
Civilian Pilot Training Program
The Civilian Pilot Training Program (1939), trained young Americans as pilots in case of a military emergency, included the training of black pilots at six African American colleges and two Chicago area black run flight schools.
Unlike white graduates of the CPTP who could join the U.S. Army Air Corps, African American graduates of the program could not.
Civilian Pilot Training Program
The Civilian Pilot Training Program (1939), trained young Americans as pilots in case of a military emergency, included the training of black pilots at six African American colleges and two Chicago area black run flight schools.
Unlike white graduates of the CPTP who could join the U.S. Army Air Corps, African American graduates of the program could not.
Combat Record Stats
1,578 total missions
72 pilots shot down
112 enemy aircrafts
66 pilots killed in action
32 taken as prisoners of war
13 pilots reported missing in action
Combat Record Stats
1,578 total missions
72 pilots shot down
112 enemy aircrafts
66 pilots killed in action
32 taken as prisoners of war
13 pilots reported missing in action
Congressional Medal
The Congressional Gold Medal is the highest civilian recognition awarded by the U.S. Congress. This medal was presented to the Tuskegee Airmen on March 29, 2007. Congress recognized their “unique military record that inspired revolutionary reform in the Armed Forces.”
The gold medal features three men in profile in the center, with "TUSKEGEE AIRMEN" at top and an eagle with spread wings at the bottom.
United States Department of the Treasury
United States Mint
Congressional Medal
The Congressional Gold Medal is the highest civilian recognition awarded by the U.S. Congress. This medal was presented to the Tuskegee Airmen on March 29, 2007. Congress recognized their “unique military record that inspired revolutionary reform in the Armed Forces.”
The gold medal features three men in profile in the center, with "TUSKEGEE AIRMEN" at top and an eagle with spread wings at the bottom.
United States Department of the Treasury
United States Mint
Double V
The story of the Tuskegee Airmen is the story of the "Double Victory Campaign": Victory abroad against the Axis powers of Nazi Germany, fascist Italy and imperial Japan and victory at home against racism, discrimination and racial violence.
First African Americans had to fight to serve their country for the right to prove their patriotism, and for the right to have greater opportunities in the U.S. military. In 1925, the U.S. Army War College Study stated that African Americans were neither brave enough, smart enough, or skilled to operate complicated machinery as combat airplanes. As a result most African Americans served in service and combat support roles: cook, steward, quartermaster, or manual laborer.
Double V
The story of the Tuskegee Airmen is the story of the "Double Victory Campaign": Victory abroad against the Axis powers of Nazi Germany, fascist Italy and imperial Japan and victory at home against racism, discrimination and racial violence.
First African Americans had to fight to serve their country for the right to prove their patriotism, and for the right to have greater opportunities in the U.S. military. In 1925, the U.S. Army War College Study stated that African Americans were neither brave enough, smart enough, or skilled to operate complicated machinery as combat airplanes. As a result most African Americans served in service and combat support roles: cook, steward, quartermaster, or manual laborer.
Double V
"[T]he negro type has not the proper reflexes to make a first-class, fighter pilot... It is recommended that if and when a colored group is formed in the United States, it be retained for [coastal patrol] and a white fighter group be released for movement overseas." Maj. Gen. Edwin J. House - Twelfth Air Support Command
Double V
"[T]he negro type has not the proper reflexes to make a first-class, fighter pilot... It is recommended that if and when a colored group is formed in the United States, it be retained for [coastal patrol] and a white fighter group be released for movement overseas." Maj. Gen. Edwin J. House - Twelfth Air Support Command
Flight School
Aviation cadets had to successfully navigate four demanding phases of training before receiving their wings and their commissions: preflight training, then primary, basic, and advanced flight training. Cadets attended preflight training at Tuskegee institute. Primary training — the most challenging phase if washout rates were only an indication — was conducted at Moton Field. Graduates from Moton Field moved on to receive their basic and advanced flight training at the Tuskegee Army airfield.
Flight School
Aviation cadets had to successfully navigate four demanding phases of training before receiving their wings and their commissions: preflight training, then primary, basic, and advanced flight training. Cadets attended preflight training at Tuskegee institute. Primary training — the most challenging phase if washout rates were only an indication — was conducted at Moton Field. Graduates from Moton Field moved on to receive their basic and advanced flight training at the Tuskegee Army airfield.
Hangar 1
As one of the five original structures on site, exploring Hangar 1 is a step back to the 1940s. This virtual tour allows you to experience the exhibits found here. Not every single panel is included. We've curated this tour for our virtual visitors, and hope it inspires you to visit in person one day. As you click through this orientation room and move past the front desk, there's a four-minute video to tee up the story. Then move through the double doors into the main hangar. Inside, you'll find exhibits highlighting the training of the Tuskegee Airmen, including recordings of Airmen themselves recounting their experiences. Two real aircraft: a PT-17 Stearman "Kaydet" and Piper Cub are parked inside, too. Be sure to explore the individual rooms around the perimeter of Hangar 1. Continue your tour in Hangar 2 to explore more exhibits.
Hangar 1
As one of the five original structures on site, exploring Hangar 1 is a step back to the 1940s. This virtual tour allows you to experience the exhibits found here. Not every single panel is included. We've curated this tour for our virtual visitors, and hope it inspires you to visit in person one day. As you click through this orientation room and move past the front desk, there's a four-minute video to tee up the story. Then move through the double doors into the main hangar. Inside, you'll find exhibits highlighting the training of the Tuskegee Airmen, including recordings of Airmen themselves recounting their experiences. Two real aircraft: a PT-17 Stearman "Kaydet" and Piper Cub are parked inside, too. Be sure to explore the individual rooms around the perimeter of Hangar 1. Continue your tour in Hangar 2 to explore more exhibits.
Hangar 2
This virtual tour of Hangar 2 offers a curated exploration of the exhibits found here. The content moves through Tuskegee Airmen history, including some of the struggles faced by those daring young men and women as they reached out for full acceptance as United States citizens. A full-sized replica Red-tail P-51 Mustang serves as centerpiece of Hangar 2. There are also mini-theater pods with AV material, as well as a virtual trip up to the Control Tower for 360 views of Moton Field. Click to explore, and we hope this virtual visit inspires you to visit us in person one day.
Hangar 2
This virtual tour of Hangar 2 offers a curated exploration of the exhibits found here. The content moves through Tuskegee Airmen history, including some of the struggles faced by those daring young men and women as they reached out for full acceptance as United States citizens. A full-sized replica Red-tail P-51 Mustang serves as centerpiece of Hangar 2. There are also mini-theater pods with AV material, as well as a virtual trip up to the Control Tower for 360 views of Moton Field. Click to explore, and we hope this virtual visit inspires you to visit us in person one day.
Hangar Number Two and the Control Tower
The original Hangar 2 and its control tower were built in Summer 1942. Engineer G.L. Washington and architect Edward C. Miller designed the tower, which was used to monitor and move flight traffic associated with Moton Field. It also served as a massive drying rack, used as a parachute drying, repair and packing tower.
After the original structure was lost to a 1989 fire, this Hangar 2 was constructed in 2014. Built with brick and corrugated metal, it spans 98 by 105 feet, rising 28 feet under a barrel-vaulted roof. Like Hangar 1, single-story wood-sided offices were later added along its edges.
The reconstruction adhered closely to the 1942 architectural plans, reusing the original foundation where possible. While contemporary materials now support its use as an exhibit space, the interior reflects the hangar's original layout.
Hangar Number Two and the Control Tower
The original Hangar 2 and its control tower were built in Summer 1942. Engineer G.L. Washington and architect Edward C. Miller designed the tower, which was used to monitor and move flight traffic associated with Moton Field. It also served as a massive drying rack, used as a parachute drying, repair and packing tower.
After the original structure was lost to a 1989 fire, this Hangar 2 was constructed in 2014. Built with brick and corrugated metal, it spans 98 by 105 feet, rising 28 feet under a barrel-vaulted roof. Like Hangar 1, single-story wood-sided offices were later added along its edges.
The reconstruction adhered closely to the 1942 architectural plans, reusing the original foundation where possible. While contemporary materials now support its use as an exhibit space, the interior reflects the hangar's original layout.
Items from Capt. Glass
Military personnel wear their resumes on their chest. Capt. Robert M. Glass was a senior pilot with the Distinguished Flying Cross, Air Medal, EAME Campaign Medal, American Campaign Medal, Distinguished Unit Citation, and the National Defense Service Medal.
Capt. Glass recorded his flying times in this log book. Based on flying times, qualifications, and training, he earned diffferent types of certificates over his career. The instrument Pilot Certificates required additional skills and knowledge authorizing him to fly with fewer restrictions.
While deployed, Capt. Glass traveled to many different countries. Currency was a popular souvenir. The Zenith-brand transoceanic radio was also very popular with the Tuskegee Airmen stationed abroad because they could listen to the music and news of home.
Items from Capt. Glass
Military personnel wear their resumes on their chest. Capt. Robert M. Glass was a senior pilot with the Distinguished Flying Cross, Air Medal, EAME Campaign Medal, American Campaign Medal, Distinguished Unit Citation, and the National Defense Service Medal.
Capt. Glass recorded his flying times in this log book. Based on flying times, qualifications, and training, he earned diffferent types of certificates over his career. The instrument Pilot Certificates required additional skills and knowledge authorizing him to fly with fewer restrictions.
While deployed, Capt. Glass traveled to many different countries. Currency was a popular souvenir. The Zenith-brand transoceanic radio was also very popular with the Tuskegee Airmen stationed abroad because they could listen to the music and news of home.
Keeping Up Morale
Until the Skyway Club was completed, the Tea Room, run by Mrs. S.O. Johnson, was an oasis for instructors and military personnel. Occasionally a celebrity like Lena Horne would visit here when performing in a USO show at a nearby Tuskegee Army Airfield. Cadets, though, were transported to Moton Field from the Tuskegee campus and had a little time to use the Tea Room. On Sundays — their one off-duty day — many spent their time on the campus socializing with students.
Keeping Up Morale
Until the Skyway Club was completed, the Tea Room, run by Mrs. S.O. Johnson, was an oasis for instructors and military personnel. Occasionally a celebrity like Lena Horne would visit here when performing in a USO show at a nearby Tuskegee Army Airfield. Cadets, though, were transported to Moton Field from the Tuskegee campus and had a little time to use the Tea Room. On Sundays — their one off-duty day — many spent their time on the campus socializing with students.
Link Trainer
The simulator, manufactured by Link Aviation Devices during World War II, was a vital piece of training equipment used by the Tuskegee Airmen at Moton Field.
Louise Virginia Lomax, 1920 - 2011
Louise Lomax was born in January 1920 in Nottoway, Virginia, to James and Annie Shepperson Lomax. She received her high school diploma in 1938 from Ingleside-Fee Memorial High School, a segregated boarding school in Burkeville, Virginia. Her maternal grandfather sent her and other grandchildren to study at this school. Lomax continued her studies at the Saint Philip Hospital School of Nursing, a segregated nursing school that was part of the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond. She graduated in September 1942 and passed her nursing examinations in Virginia, Maryland, and D.C.
Lomax joined the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) as a 2nd Lieutenant in March 1943 with the help of the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses. While in the ANC, she trained as a psychiatric nurse at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C. By September 1943 she was stationed at Tuskegee Army Air Field in Alabama, home of the Tuskegee Airmen, where she was eventually promoted to 1st Lieutenant. She served at Tuskegee until 1946 when the airfield was inactivated after the end of the war. For her service in World War II, she was awarded a World War II Victory Medal and an American Campaign Medal. After the war, Lomax went on to serve at Lockbourne Army Air Base in Ohio, Provident Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, at VA hospitals in Downey, Illinois, and Perry Point, Maryland, and finally at the Army’s Percy Jones General Hospital in Battle Creek, Michigan. She retired from active duty in March 1949 at Battle Creek, receiving an Honorable Discharge lapel pin, and transferred to the Reserve Corps. She served in the reserves for four years before retiring in April 1953.
Lomax married Methodist minister John Lonnie Winters in November 1954, with whom she had one child, Pia Winters Jordan, the donor. As a civilian, Lomax worked as a psychiatric nurse at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C., where she served for a time as head nurse. She also instructed nursing assistants and worked with the criminally insane. She retired from nursing in June 1973.
[National Museum of African American History and Culture]
Louise Virginia Lomax, American, 1920 - 2011
Louise Lomax was born in January 1920 in Nottoway, Virginia, to James and Annie Shepperson Lomax. She received her high school diploma in 1938 from Ingleside-Fee Memorial High School, a segregated boarding school in Burkeville, Virginia. Her maternal grandfather sent her and other grandchildren to study at this school. Lomax continued her studies at the Saint Philip Hospital School of Nursing, a segregated nursing school that was part of the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond. She graduated in September 1942 and passed her nursing examinations in Virginia, Maryland, and D.C.
Lomax joined the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) as a 2nd Lieutenant in March 1943 with the help of the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses. While in the ANC, she trained as a psychiatric nurse at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C. By September 1943 she was stationed at Tuskegee Army Air Field in Alabama, home of the Tuskegee Airmen, where she was eventually promoted to 1st Lieutenant. She served at Tuskegee until 1946 when the airfield was inactivated after the end of the war. For her service in World War II, she was awarded a World War II Victory Medal and an American Campaign Medal. After the war, Lomax went on to serve at Lockbourne Army Air Base in Ohio, Provident Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, at VA hospitals in Downey, Illinois, and Perry Point, Maryland, and finally at the Army’s Percy Jones General Hospital in Battle Creek, Michigan. She retired from active duty in March 1949 at Battle Creek, receiving an Honorable Discharge lapel pin, and transferred to the Reserve Corps. She served in the reserves for four years before retiring in April 1953.
Lomax married Methodist minister John Lonnie Winters in November 1954, with whom she had one child, Pia Winters Jordan, the donor. As a civilian, Lomax worked as a psychiatric nurse at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C., where she served for a time as head nurse. She also instructed nursing assistants and worked with the criminally insane. She retired from nursing in June 1973.
[National Museum of African American History and Culture]
Moton Field
Moton Field was the only primary flight facility for African American pilot candidates in the U.S. Army Air Corps (Army Air Forces) during World War II. It was named for Robert Russa Moton, second president of Tuskegee Institute.
Built between 1940 - 1942 with funding from the Julius Rosenwald Fund, Moton Field was to provide primary flight training under a contract with the U.S. military. Staff from Maxwell Field, Montgomery, Alabama, provided assistance in selecting and mapping the site. Architect Edward C. Miller and engineer G. L. Washington designed many of the structures. Archie A. Alexander, an engineer and contractor, oversaw construction of the flight school facilities. Tuskegee Institute laborers and skilled workers helped finish the field so that flight training could start on time.
The Army Air Corps assigned officers to oversee the training at Tuskegee Institute at Moton Field. They furnished cadets with textbooks, flying clothes, parachutes, and mechanic suits. Tuskegee Institute, the civilian contractor, provided facilities for the aircraft and personnel, including quarters and a mess for the cadets, hangars and maintenance shops, and offices for Air Corps personnel, flight instructors, ground school instructors, and mechanics. Tuskegee Institute was one of the very few American institutions to own, develop, and control facilities for military flight instruction.
Moton Field
Moton Field was the only primary flight facility for African-American pilot candidates in the U.S. Army Air Corps (Army Air Forces) during World War II. It was named for Robert Russa Moton, second president of Tuskegee Institute.
Built between 1940 - 1942 with funding from the Julius Rosenwald Fund, Moton Field was to provide primary flight training under a contract with the U.S. military. Staff from Maxwell Field, Montgomery, Alabama, provided assistance in selecting and mapping the site. Architect Edward C. Miller and engineer G. L. Washington designed many of the structures. Archie A. Alexander, an engineer and contractor, oversaw construction of the flight school facilities. Tuskegee Institute laborers and skilled workers helped finish the field so that flight training could start on time.
The Army Air Corps assigned officers to oversee the training at Tuskegee Institute at Moton Field. They furnished cadets with textbooks, flying clothes, parachutes, and mechanic suits. Tuskegee Institute, the civilian contractor, provided facilities for the aircraft and personnel, including quarters and a mess for the cadets, hangars and maintenance shops, and offices for Air Corps personnel, flight instructors, ground school instructors, and mechanics. Tuskegee Institute was one of the very few American institutions to own, develop, and control facilities for military flight instruction.
Officer's Tunic
The tunic was made of a gabardine wool blend and was a dark, brownish green color (greens), while the trousers were a much lighter color that had a slight pinkish tone.
The combination created one of the flashiest and most striking uniforms ever authorized by the Army. It was worn by Army officers and in the Army Air Corps, the branch of the Army that split off in 1947 and became the modern Air Force.
World War II Flight Officer Daniel Keel, 94, a Tuskegee Airman, remembers his pinks and greens and how stylish they were. “My uniform was comfortable and attractive. It fit like a suit, and I really liked wearing my uniform. It just looked better to me than the style they have now,” he said.
P-51 Mustang
The Red Tail P-51 Mustang is a North American fighter plane known for its speed, power, and endurance. Tuskegee Airmen flew these planes while escorting bombers deep into enemy territory and safeguarding them through hostile skies. Thanks to the planes' distinctive paint job, the Airmen came to be known as the "Red Tails".
P-51 Mustang
The Red Tail P-51 Mustang is a North American fighter plane known for its speed, power, and endurance. Tuskegee Airmen flew these planes while escorting bombers deep into enemy territory and safeguarding them through hostile skies. Thanks to the planes' distinctive paint job, the Airmen came to be known as the "Red Tails".
PT-17 Stearman
Boeing's PT-17 Stearman is synonymous with the golden age of aviation. Its robust design and forgiving flight characteristics made it a cornerstone of pilot training during World War II. Even today, its distinctive biplane silhouette and roaring engine inspire nostalgia.
PT-17 Stearman
Boeing's PT-17 Stearman is synonymous with the golden age of aviation. Its robust design and forgiving flight characteristics made it a cornerstone of pilot training during World War II. Even today, its distinctive biplane silhouette and roaring engine inspire nostalgia.
Parachute Folding
A special parachute rigging table gave the rigger the ample space she needed for her work. The surface of the table had to be smooth to avoid tearing or otherwise damaging the parachute's delicate silk. At first only one permanent rigger, Alice Dungey Gray, worked at Moton Field. The increase in class size required additional riggers, and Gray was given two assistants, Mildred Hanson and Winnifred W Davis.
Folding a parachute was a multi-step process. One of the last steps in the folding process was the accordion fold into the pack.
Parachute Folding
A special parachute rigging table gave the rigger the ample space she needed for her work. The surface of the table had to be smooth to avoid tearing or otherwise damaging the parachute's delicate silk. At first only one permanent rigger, Alice Dungey Gray, worked at Moton Field. The increase in class size required additional riggers, and Gray was given two assistants, Mildred Hanson and Winnifred W Davis.
Folding a parachute was a multi-step process. One of the last steps in the folding process was the accordion fold into the pack.
Spacesuit
The Tuskegee Airmen laid a path for future aviators, like Mae Jemison from Decatur, Alabama. Jemison was selected for NASA's astronaut program in 1987 and became the first African American woman to train as an astronaut. In 1992, she became the first African American woman in space on the Space Shuttle Endeavour STS-47 mission.
Spacesuit
The Tuskegee Airmen laid a path for future aviators, like Mae Jemison from Decatur, Alabama. Jemison was selected for NASA's astronaut program in 1987 and became the first African American woman to train as an astronaut. In 1992, she became the first African American woman in space on the Space Shuttle Endeavour STS-47 mission.
Supply Room
General Manager, G.L. Washington initially allocated 600 square feet in Hangar One for storage of Army supplies. The number of airplanes at Moton Field increased so rapidly that within months, repair and mainenance supplies overwhelmed the space and a new supply building was constructed.
"All parts and supplies needed for maintenance and changes on aeroplanes were furnished by the Air Force." — G.L. Washington
Supply Room
General Manager, G.L. Washington initially allocated 600 square feet in Hangar One for storage of Army supplies. The number of airplanes at Moton Field increased so rapidly that within months, repair and mainenance supplies overwhelmed the space and a new supply building was constructed.
"All parts and supplies needed for maintenance and changes on aeroplanes were furnished by the Air Force." — G.L. Washington
Tools of the Trade
Each mechanic and apprentice was responsible for buying the tools he or she needed for the job. Without a good description of the aircraft's problem, though, mechanics couldn't put their tools and expertise to the best use. One of their most important tools was the record kept on each plane. After a cadet returned from his flight he recorded flying time and maintenance problems in the aircraft's record book. At the end of the flying day the mechanic reviewed the book and made the needed repairs.
Tools of the Trade
Each mechanic and apprentice was responsible for buying the tools he or she needed for the job. Without a good description of the aircraft's problem, though, mechanics couldn't put their tools and expertise to the best use. One of their most important tools was the record kept on each plane. After a cadet returned from his flight he recorded flying time and maintenance problems in the aircraft's record book. At the end of the flying day the mechanic reviewed the book and made the needed repairs.
Trunk
Trunk inside Hangar No.2 against the wall.
This trunk displays shoe polish, brushes, wrap rags that would shine the airmen shoes and a small brush for removing dust around the shoe edges, a shaving kit, a Diploma, and other personal effects.
Trunk
Trunk inside Hangar No.2 against the wall.
This truck displayed shoe polish, brushes, wrap rags that would shine the airmen shoes and a small brush for removing dust around the shoe edges.
Tuskegee Airmen
The Tuskegee Airmen exemplify the remarkable contributions of African American servicemen and women during World War II. Here at Moton Field in Tuskegee, Alabama, African American air cadets received primary flight training through programs led by Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University) and the U.S. Army. This preparation paved the way for their distinguished service in the North African and European theaters. As the first African Americans to join the Army Air Corps (Army Air Forces), their legacy is defined not only by outstanding combat performance but also by their unwavering determination to overcome barriers and serve with honor.
Tuskegee Airmen
The Tuskegee Airmen exemplify the remarkable contributions of African American servicemen and women during World War II. Here at Moton Field in Tuskegee, Alabama, African American air cadets received primary flight training through programs led by Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University) and the U.S. Army. This preparation paved the way for their distinguished service in the North African and European theaters. As the first African Americans to join the Army Air Corps (Army Air Forces), their legacy is defined not only by outstanding combat performance but also by their unwavering determination to overcome barriers and serve with honor.
Types of Missions
Combat Operations of the Tuskegee Airmen WWII
Ground Attack: Strafing (using aircraft machine guns) and combing enemy airfields, trains, convoys, armored vehicles, artillery, and vessels at sea or in harbor.
Aerial Combat: Dog fighting (combat maneuvers) to attack or evade enemy aircraft.
Air-Sea Rescue: Searching for and flying cover for downed flight crews until they were rescued.
Bomber Escort: Providing protection for bomber formations from enemy aircraft.
Close Air Support: Providing air support for troops on the ground.
Types of Missions
Combat Operations of the Tuskegee Airmen WWII
Ground Attack: Strafing (using aircraft machine guns) and bombing enemy airfields, trains, convoys, armored vehicles, artillery, and vessels at sea or in harbor.
Aerial Combat: Dog fighting (combat maneuvers) to attack or evade enemy aircraft.
Air-Sea Rescue: Searching for and flying cover for downed flight crews until they were rescued.
Bomber Escort: Providing protection for bomber formations from enemy aircraft.
Close Air Support: Providing air support for troops on the ground.
War Era Construction
Phase One, beginning in June of 1941 and lasting through December of that same year, consisted of the initial establishment of the airfield (grading and clearing) as well as the construction of Hangar Number One and the Fire Protection Shed. Tuskegee Institute contributed $20,000, but the major funding source was a $175,000 loan from the Julius Rosenwald Fund.
Phase Two began in the summer of 1942 and lasted almost a year. Tuskegee Institute's Board of Trustees initially authorized $15,000 for construction of the Cadet Oass and Waiting Room and the Army Supply Building. Hangar Number Two and the Control Tower, the Bath and Locker House, several small sheds for oil and dope storage, and an addition to Hangar Number One were completed with a $150,000 loan from the institute's general funds.
Phase Three began in early spring of 1944 and extended through the summer of the following year. It is believed that Tuskegee Institute funded this third phase of construction as well, but documentation has not been located to support or disprove this. During this phase the Vehicle Maintenance Shed and the Physical Plant Warehouse were constructed and the enlargement of the asphalt parking mat and paving of roadways in the building area were completed. The ground was graded south of Hangar Number One for a civilian recreation building, later known as the Skyway Club, that was not started until 1945.
War Era Construction
Phase One, beginning in June of 1941 and lasting through December of that same year, consisted of the initial establishment of the airfield (grading and clearing) as well as the construction of Hangar Number One and the Fire Protection Shed. Tuskegee Institute contributed $20,000, but the major funding source was a $175,000 loan from the Julius Rosenwald Fund.
Phase Two began in the summer of 1942 and lasted almost a year. Tuskegee Institute's Board of Trustees initially authorized $15,000 for construction of the Cadet Oass and Waiting Room and the Army Supply Building. Hangar Number Two and the Control Tower, the Bath and Locker House, several small sheds for oil and dope storage, and an addition to Hangar Number One were completed with a $150,000 loan from the institute's general funds.
Phase Three began in early spring of 1944 and extended through the summer of the following year. It is believed that Tuskegee Institute funded this third phase of construction as well, but documentation has not been located to support or disprove this. During this phase the Vehicle Maintenance Shed and the Physical Plant Warehouse were constructed and the enlargement of the asphalt parking mat and paving of roadways in the building area were completed. The ground was graded south of Hangar Number One for a civilian recreation building, later known as the Skyway Club, that was not started until 1945.
Welcome to Hangar 2
Racism had deep roots in America during the “Jim Crow” era of the late 1800s to the 1960s, and the US armed forces were no exception. Despite unfair treatment, the Tuskegee Airmen led the way to the integration of our military. Between 1941 and 1949, nearly 15,000 Tuskegee Airmen trained and served at bases here and across the country. They served with excellence in the United States and overseas.
Welcome to Hangar 2
Racism had deep roots in America during the “Jim Crow” era of the late 1800s to the 1960s, and the US armed forces were no exception. Despite unfair treatment, the Tuskegee Airmen led the way to the integration of our military. Between 1941 and 1949, nearly 15,000 Tuskegee Airmen trained and served at bases here and across the country. They served with excellence in the United States and overseas.
Women in Maintenance
In 1942, due to wartime manpower shortage, the Army Air forces began accepting women as apprentice mechanics. Moton Field's managers had made no provisions for female mechanics when they planned its facilities, but — by now used to constant change — they made adjustments. Women soon made up a large proportion of the mechanics and support personnel, driving gas trucks, fueling aircraft, washing the aircraft, and working on engines.
Women in Maintenance
In 1942, due to wartime manpower shortage, the Army Air forces began accepting women as apprentice mechanics. Moton Field's managers had made no provisions for female mechanics when they planned its facilities, but — by now used to constant change — they made adjustments. Women soon made up a large proportion of the mechanics and support personnel, driving gas trucks, fueling aircraft, washing the aircraft, and working on engines.
Women in Tuskegee
Mildred Hemmons Carter (1921—2011) earned her BA in business from Tuskegee when she was only 19. Being at Tuskegee gave her the opportunity to learn to fly from head flight instructor Chief Anderson. Mildred Hemmons graduated with the first class of Civilian Pilot Training Program and went on to earn her private pilot’s license in 1941. She also met her husband, Herbert Carter, during this time. As cadets, they were unable to date. Instead, they would make plans to meet in the air with Mildred flying a Piper Cub and Herbert flying whatever plane was scheduled for a maintenance flight check. They would meet at a designated time over Lake Martin. Mildred and Herbert married in 1942 after his graduation and appointment as a lieutenant.
Due to the war and her gender, Mildred could not get training to fly more advanced military airplanes. However, she was the first civilian hired by the Army Air Corps. She literally cleared the way for the airmen by bulldozing the trees off the site of the airstrip. Her husband nicknamed her “Mike” due to her tomboy way of dressing, and even had the name painted on his plane during the war. Although her husband was a fighter pilot during World War II, Mildred herself was integral to the success of the Tuskegee program. From creating the documents to equip the base at Tuskegee to rigging parachutes to various administrative duties, she continued working at Tuskegee Army Air Field throughout the war. She applied to be a WASP, one of the Women’s Airforce Service Pilots who delivered planes during WWII. Qualified, she was rejected due to her race. Mildred later served as a mentor to other African American women pilots and continued to fly into her sixties. Seventy years after earning her pilot’s license, Mildred Carter was designated a WASP for her services. Additionally, she is a Designated Original Tuskegee Airman.
Women in Tuskegee
Mildred Hemmons Carter (1921—2011) earned her BA in business from Tuskegee when she was only 19. Being at Tuskegee gave her the opportunity to learn to fly from head flight instructor Chief Anderson. Mildred Hemmons graduated with the first class of Civilian Pilot Training Program and went on to earn her private pilot’s license in 1941. She also met her husband, Herbert Carter, during this time. As cadets, they were unable to date. Instead, they would make plans to meet in the air with Mildred flying a Piper Cub and Herbert flying whatever plane was scheduled for a maintenance flight check. They would meet at a designated time over Lake Martin. Mildred and Herbert married in 1942 after his graduation and appointment as a lieutenant.
Due to the war and her gender, Mildred could not get training to fly more advanced military airplanes. However, she was the first civilian hired by the Army Air Corps. She literally cleared the way for the airmen by bulldozing the trees off the site of the airstrip. Her husband nicknamed her “Mike” due to her tomboy way of dressing, and even had the name painted on his plane during the war. Although her husband was a fighter pilot during World War II, Mildred herself was integral to the success of the Tuskegee program. From creating the documents to equip the base at Tuskegee to rigging parachutes to various administrative duties, she continued working at Tuskegee Army Air Field throughout the war. She applied to be a WASP, one of the Women’s Airforce Service Pilots who delivered planes during WWII. Qualified, she was rejected due to her race. Mildred later served as a mentor to other African American women pilots and continued to fly into her sixties. Seventy years after earning her pilot’s license, Mildred Carter was designated a WASP for her services. Additionally, she is a Designated Original Tuskegee Airman.
Officer's Tunic
The tunic was made of a gabardine wool blend and was a dark, brownish green color (greens), while the trousers were a much lighter color that had a slight pinkish tone.
The combination created one of the flashiest and most striking uniforms ever authorized by the Army. It was worn by Army officers and in the Army Air Corps, the branch of the Army that split off in 1947 and became the modern Air Force.
World War II Flight Officer Daniel Keel, 94, a Tuskegee Airman, remembers his pinks and greens and how stylish they were. “My uniform was comfortable and attractive. It fit like a suit, and I really liked wearing my uniform. It just looked better to me than the style they have now,” he said.
Victory at Home and Abroad
African Americans and their supporters, the Black Press, and labor leaders initiated advocacy campaigns that initiated progress in civil rights with Americans in pursuit of "Victory", African Americans fought for better jobs and equal pay in the thriving war economy. They used the slogan "We loyal Negro American citizens demand the right to work and fight for our country."
African Americans supported the war effort in many ways. These Chicago school children tirelessly saved and raise funds in order to present Maj. C. Udell Turpin of the Illinois Ward Bond Sales staff with this impressive check for $263,148.83, enough to buy 125 Jeeps, two planes, and a motorcycle.
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