#: locale=en
## Action
### Text to Speech
TextToSpeechBehaviour_4A2A83D7_53D1_074A_41B8_75665A627D7F.text = Next
TextToSpeechBehaviour_4A2AA764_53D1_0F4E_4154_F2E3B09D20F4.text = Previous
TextToSpeechBehaviour_4E32B9DB_8ACB_5D66_41C0_64316E01EA7E.text = The Accessible features are now on, image descriptions will be read for each view as you rotate in each location. Tab through the INFO icons to get more information.
### URL
LinkBehaviour_80E8695E_8924_DCB4_41D4_015FD2A4D3C7.source = https://npstuskegee.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/modelsAR/booktable/index.html
LinkBehaviour_80EF2684_893C_5594_41C5_7BC8723E2D17.source = https://npstuskegee.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/modelsAR/chair1/index.html
LinkBehaviour_80F0677B_8924_D37C_41D6_12AA89D0A3A9.source = https://npstuskegee.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/modelsAR/chair2/index.html
LinkBehaviour_80F18E24_8924_5494_41C0_80C48EDBA3F5.source = https://npstuskegee.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/modelsAR/couchAR/index.html
LinkBehaviour_80F284E8_8924_559C_4197_E84EC677FEE3.source = https://npstuskegee.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/modelsAR/couchAR/index.html
LinkBehaviour_4F6313B8_5057_07C6_41CF_C5AF5858DF03.source = https://npstuskegee.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/modelsAR/diploma1/index.html
LinkBehaviour_80E9A998_8924_5FBC_41D8_4AB255D88AD9.source = https://npstuskegee.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/modelsAR/dragonchair/index.html
LinkBehaviour_810A5527_88E4_F494_41CB_1559778AF3E6.source = https://npstuskegee.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/modelsAR/framed2/index.html
LinkBehaviour_80D84F14_8964_D4B4_41DA_7F996869FD63.source = https://npstuskegee.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/modelsAR/gravesiteAR/index.html
LinkBehaviour_80E106B4_8924_55F4_41C9_E3D4586EA5B6.source = https://npstuskegee.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/modelsAR/gravesiteAR/index.html
LinkBehaviour_80DA387C_8964_BD74_41DE_8BDC67C54A08.source = https://npstuskegee.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/modelsAR/greenChair/index.html
LinkBehaviour_80E33749_8924_B49C_4198_CA38CA13C14F.source = https://npstuskegee.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/modelsAR/hat/hat.html
LinkBehaviour_80EE1A18_893C_7CBC_41D2_DE9505342B21.source = https://npstuskegee.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/modelsAR/oaksDesk/index.html
LinkBehaviour_0689439E_2122_5C2C_4171_F10A6D2EA6AA.source = https://npstuskegee.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/modelsAR/sauna/index.html
WebFrame_52C7BC3A_47A7_F175_41AE_78AD127E64B1_mobile.url = https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m14!1m8!1m3!1d13470.643087461438!2d-85.705777!3d32.4282437!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x888c50e78efa35cf%3A0x61e63348725c9efd!2sBooker%20T%20Washington%20Home%20Oaks!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sus!4v1711405349612!5m2!1sen!2sus
WebFrame_52C7BC3A_47A7_F175_41AE_78AD127E64B1.url = https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m14!1m8!1m3!1d13470.643087461438!2d-85.705777!3d32.4282437!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x888c50e78efa35cf%3A0x61e63348725c9efd!2sBooker%20T%20Washington%20Home%20Oaks!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sus!4v1711405349612!5m2!1sen!2sus
LinkBehaviour_BEB951A4_6F54_A6CD_41C9_70AC37AB7EBE.source = tel:3347273200
LinkBehaviour_8290B29B_6F55_AAFB_41CD_526AE57A6B35.source = tel:3347273200
## Hotspot
### Text
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0A9EE0F2_215E_5DF4_4182_CC98CE7F0DA2.text = Alexksandr Pushkin - Russian Poet (of African Decent; his great-grandfather was from Africa)
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0A95BC76_2122_24FC_4198_C91F3CCC8877.text = Autographed images of Theodore Roosevelt. Booker T. Washington was the first African American to dine in the White House, via an invitation from Theodore Roosevelt.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0AA2F76D_2166_24EC_4196_0FE484DFC802.text = Autographed photo of Andrew Carnegie
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0A86A574_212E_24FC_419A_FAC1E64A7230.text = Autographed photo of William Taft
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0A97BB02_212E_2C14_4186_6BD03CA354A4.text = Bishop Daniel Alexander Payne-Bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (A.M.E.) from 1852-1893
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0A8D65F9_2122_27F4_41A2_998D85729A90.text = Booker T. Washtington's diploma from Hampton Institute
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0A8A2052_2121_DC34_416C_8E9F5E1C7D70.text = Booker T. Washtington's graduation from Hampton Institute, second from left, bottom row.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0A8F20AF_213F_DC6C_416A_8B0912ABD4C2.text = Booker T. Washtington's honorary degree from Harvard College. He is the first African American to recieve an honorary master's degree from Harvard College.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0A8875A9_2122_2414_419F_7A127690FEFA.text = Booker T. Washtington's honorary doctoral degree from Darthmouth College
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_2A6E8C24_0AA9_6E41_41A0_8AC3D2EFFF31.text = Caroline Phelps-Stokes \
She and her sister Olivia provided funding to build bathhouses, the origingal Tuskegee Institute Chapel, Dorthy Hall, and the Lincoln Gates (designed by Robert R. Taylor)
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0AA1362E_2162_246C_41A3_FEB491304C34.text = Charles Willam Eliot - President of Harvard University
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0A9B9105_2126_FC1C_419D_4BF6B189F718.text = Frederick Douglass \
Douglass came to Tuskegee in 1892 and delivered the 11th Annual Commencement address in which he "urged economy, thrift and common sense." Those words of Douglass' son, Major Charles R. Douglass, dedicated the building. Later, Douglass' great-grandson married Booker T. Washington's granddaughter Nettie and resided in Tuskegee for a short time.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_2BBDFB09_0AA9_2A43_41A0_1304714A65E8.text = Josephine of Sweden (left) \
King Frederick VIII of Denmark (right)
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_2B1DE3C6_0AA9_39C1_41A0_FC1B19F15DB8.text = Julia Eliabeth Emery \
Tuskegee University's Emery Dormitories were funded by Julia Elizabeth Glass Emery. Designed by Robert R. Taylor.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0A84C8F3_2122_6DF4_4176_3775ED8B230A.text = Mr. White, Postmaster of the city of Tuskegee, with his family
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0A99F781_2122_2414_41A4_2A25B58D313B.text = President George Washington and First Lady Martha Washington
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0A825E47_2126_641C_4185_1DCFF4665C89.text = Resolution from the A.M.E. Chruch, addressed to Dr. Booker T Washington
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_14F21A10_0AA9_6A41_41A0_1A4A8A98D74D.text = This painting of Booker T. Washington was added to this room after his death.
## Media
### Audio
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### Audio Subtitles
### Image
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### Subtitle
panorama_D72DC69A_C75D_639A_41CA_59E36456B7ED.subtitle = Booker T Washington’s Sitting Room
panorama_D7F03F7A_C764_A29A_41C4_A0441BF7B463.subtitle = Back Porch
panorama_D7F18FC9_C765_A1E6_41D0_05CAAD093C4C.subtitle = Bathroom
panorama_7CFBE34C_791B_CC94_41BA_97954FF9F063.subtitle = Bathroom
panorama_D7EFEA9B_C764_A39A_41E2_225CC5AB6ABF.subtitle = Bathroom
panorama_D549C6A2_C8A5_A3AA_41D2_3460D63BD9A7.subtitle = Booker T Washington's Bathroom
panorama_D7F043D0_C764_E1E6_41B3_50D7E068CFBF.subtitle = Booker T Washington's Bedroom
panorama_D7F163D2_C764_E1EA_41C9_B649F6C2C63B.subtitle = Booker T Washington's Sauna
panorama_D7F023E6_C764_A1AA_41D3_64E1D01B3F79.subtitle = Boy's Bathroom
panorama_D7EFCBC2_C764_E1EA_41DF_4FFF7636525C.subtitle = Boy's Room
panorama_D7F1DC14_C765_A66E_41AC_0A8AC2D74B88.subtitle = Den
panorama_D7F1874C_C765_A2FE_41DD_6C363188D641.subtitle = Den
panorama_D7F1A900_C765_EE66_41C6_0CDF3715DFD3.subtitle = Den
panorama_D7F16949_C765_6EE6_41E7_4607E8400D46.subtitle = Den
panorama_D72D9201_C75D_A266_41E2_437B80788E77.subtitle = Dining Room
panorama_D72A1B4F_C75C_A2FA_41E0_79F2E7968270.subtitle = Entry
panorama_7ACCA1D0_676D_E645_4166_A8E260ECE490.subtitle = Entry
panorama_D72C8FD6_C75C_E1EA_41DE_E339D135C6BD.subtitle = Guest Room
panorama_D72CA780_C75C_E266_41E7_CE3747D95D11.subtitle = Guest Room
panorama_D72C6728_C75C_A2A6_41D4_A3574CA1F82A.subtitle = Hallway
panorama_D72C6E5B_C75C_A29A_41DE_273069A64470.subtitle = Hallway
panorama_DAB5E2BB_C7ED_A39A_41D7_6369ACE16B64.subtitle = Hallway
panorama_D7F02B8A_C764_A27A_41E3_2BDBB76446D4.subtitle = Maragret's Room
panorama_D7F022F0_C764_A3A6_41D1_16F775C26AD4.subtitle = Maragret's Room
panorama_DC8F93F1_C7A7_61A6_41B2_F98F4956313B.subtitle = Margaret's Office
panorama_DDFE39E3_C7A4_A1AA_41E0_204F2AD1C786.subtitle = Margaret's Office
panorama_DD76B805_C7A7_EE6E_41D2_4B2E5CDCDF30.subtitle = Margaret's Office
panorama_DD85FC66_C75F_A6AA_41E1_550DF0B79106.subtitle = Parlor
panorama_D7D04A21_C75B_62A6_41CA_0999B3AFD657.subtitle = Portia's Bedroom
panorama_D7EFE232_C764_A2AA_41D9_1C90745153EF.subtitle = Portia's Bedroom
model_0685EF99_2122_2434_4182_D0844CAC6207.subtitle = Sauna
panorama_D7D060DB_C75B_9F9A_41CC_266D88CF3D10.subtitle = Second Floor
panorama_D7D0E8FB_C75B_AF9A_41D6_FE9DA558B0D8.subtitle = Second Floor
panorama_D7CFF1CB_C75B_61FA_41DD_B86660FABEBF.subtitle = Second Floor
panorama_D7D1002E_C75B_BEBA_41E4_ACA4D12A8E85.subtitle = Second Floor
panorama_D7F0E455_C765_66EE_41C7_330BC29FA174.subtitle = Student Room
panorama_D7F1981F_C765_AE9A_41E4_B72DE4172202.subtitle = Student Room
panorama_D7F08C45_C765_66EE_41E5_93376F44DA4F.subtitle = Student Room
panorama_3D4F95A3_3363_81CA_41C3_8831F18334C2.subtitle = The Oaks
panorama_3D4FF7F4_3363_814E_418F_70CBD85E0800.subtitle = The Oaks
panorama_3D4FE44F_3363_875A_41B0_74ECB558923D.subtitle = The Oaks
panorama_3D4FD0A6_3363_9FCA_41A2_21CD024AA3FF.subtitle = The Oaks
panorama_3D4F7645_3364_834E_41CD_0CD2EE966D05.subtitle = The Oaks
panorama_3D4FAA04_3363_82CE_41CD_465E17B778D6.subtitle = The Oaks
panorama_7AFE8FEA_672D_BA45_41DA_E620AB0A07AE.subtitle = The Oaks
panorama_3D4FBDDC_3363_817E_41C5_6552CCF71201.subtitle = The Oaks
panorama_D7F0C364_C765_62AE_41D2_C6AC0331343B.subtitle = Third Floor
panorama_D7F0DBAA_C765_61BA_41D4_4C37618193A6.subtitle = Third Floor
panorama_D7F18064_C765_9EAE_41D2_5E0BD29ABEC7.subtitle = Third Floor Hallway
panorama_D7F09B42_C764_A2EA_41CA_D9759B3ACF66.subtitle = Thrid Floor Staircase
panorama_D7F0572F_C765_A2BA_41C6_C0441F1E2DC7.subtitle = Trunk Room
panorama_D7D04921_C75B_6EA6_41DF_A72DB1C6351D.subtitle = Upper Porch
### Title
panorama_3D4FAA04_3363_82CE_41CD_465E17B778D6.label = 1 The Oaks
panorama_D72A1B4F_C75C_A2FA_41E0_79F2E7968270.label = 10 Entry
panorama_DD85FC66_C75F_A6AA_41E1_550DF0B79106.label = 11 Parlor
album_1DCDC673_3D99_71FB_41B4_B261094D99BC.label = 11_parlor_album
album_1C551407_3DA8_911B_41CA_282C225BCB91.label = 11_portia_album
panorama_DC8F93F1_C7A7_61A6_41B2_F98F4956313B.label = 12 Margaret's Office
model_54315CFD_42F8_B2EF_41C7_2B0CCC388433.label = 12_library_model
album_1F665004_3DA8_B11D_4198_1F8F3647F27B.label = 12_maroffice_album
panorama_DD76B805_C7A7_EE6E_41D2_4B2E5CDCDF30.label = 13 Margaret's Office
panorama_DDFE39E3_C7A4_A1AA_41E0_204F2AD1C786.label = 14 Margaret's Office
panorama_D72D9201_C75D_A266_41E2_437B80788E77.label = 15 Dining Room
album_1984D55C_3D9B_932D_41CA_BEED12A02921.label = 15_dining_album
panorama_D72DC69A_C75D_639A_41CA_59E36456B7ED.label = 16 Booker T Washington’s Sitting Room
panorama_D72C6E5B_C75C_A29A_41DE_273069A64470.label = 17 Hallway
panorama_D72C6728_C75C_A2A6_41D4_A3574CA1F82A.label = 18 Hallway
panorama_7CFBE34C_791B_CC94_41BA_97954FF9F063.label = 19 Bathroom
album_06320A6C_2161_ECEC_4193_9A7DDD295815.label = 1_dexter_album
album_25BE6EC2_3D69_9115_41C8_F59468BE3A2D.label = 1_landscape_album
panorama_3D4F7645_3364_834E_41CD_0CD2EE966D05.label = 2 The Oaks
panorama_D72CA780_C75C_E266_41E7_CE3747D95D11.label = 20 Guest Room
album_182F1C1A_3DE8_B135_41CB_12921B836136.label = 20_guest_album
panorama_D72C8FD6_C75C_E1EA_41DE_E339D135C6BD.label = 21 Guest Room
panorama_D7D147D8_C75B_A1E6_41E3_AB7BA7CAA73C.label = 22 Staircase
panorama_D7D1002E_C75B_BEBA_41E4_ACA4D12A8E85.label = 23 Second Floor
panorama_D7D0E8FB_C75B_AF9A_41D6_FE9DA558B0D8.label = 24 Second Floor
panorama_D7D060DB_C75B_9F9A_41CC_266D88CF3D10.label = 25 Second Floor
panorama_D7D04921_C75B_6EA6_41DF_A72DB1C6351D.label = 26 Upper Porch
panorama_D7CFF1CB_C75B_61FA_41DD_B86660FABEBF.label = 27 Second Floor
panorama_DAB5E2BB_C7ED_A39A_41D7_6369ACE16B64.label = 28 Hallway
panorama_D7D04A21_C75B_62A6_41CA_0999B3AFD657.label = 29 Portia's Bedroom
album_066C78DA_21E2_2C34_416C_0672756A50CC.label = 29_floors_album
album_1C687BD9_3D7B_7737_41AC_B43C22E6E746.label = 2_bricks_album
panorama_7AFE8FEA_672D_BA45_41DA_E620AB0A07AE.label = 3 The Oaks
panorama_D7EFE232_C764_A2AA_41D9_1C90745153EF.label = 30 Portia's Bedroom
panorama_D7EFEA9B_C764_A39A_41E2_225CC5AB6ABF.label = 31 Bathroom
panorama_D7F022F0_C764_A3A6_41D1_16F775C26AD4.label = 32 Maragret's Room
album_067AD66A_21E6_6414_4171_C362A12AD696.label = 32_fireplace_album
album_01D04284_5D6D_7908_41B6_FEBF7D1E6AA7.label = 32_marroom_album
panorama_D7F02B8A_C764_A27A_41E3_2BDBB76446D4.label = 33 Margaret's Room
panorama_D7F043D0_C764_E1E6_41B3_50D7E068CFBF.label = 34 Booker T Washington's Bedroom
album_1B37F96F_3DE8_93EB_41CA_E8B32ADE5734.label = 34_bt_album
model_AF6651E1_792C_4F8C_41D4_BF46F01E7E27.label = 34_grave_model
panorama_D549C6A2_C8A5_A3AA_41D2_3460D63BD9A7.label = 35 Booker T Washington's Bathroom
model_0685EF99_2122_2434_4182_D0844CAC6207.label = 35_sauna_model
panorama_D7F163D2_C764_E1EA_41C9_B649F6C2C63B.label = 36 Booker T Washington's Sauna
panorama_D7EFCBC2_C764_E1EA_41DF_4FFF7636525C.label = 37 Boy's Room
album_1B53012D_3DF8_936F_41C8_5CADD3695614.label = 37_boys_album
panorama_D7F023E6_C764_A1AA_41D3_64E1D01B3F79.label = 38 Boy's Bathroom
album_274E308F_226A_6D64_41A7_F97C1E2E5D5A.label = 38_bb_album
panorama_D7F03F7A_C764_A29A_41C4_A0441BF7B463.label = 39 Back Porch
panorama_3D4F95A3_3363_81CA_41C3_8831F18334C2.label = 4 The Oaks
panorama_D7F09B42_C764_A2EA_41CA_D9759B3ACF66.label = 40 Thrid Floor Staircase
panorama_D7F0C364_C765_62AE_41D2_C6AC0331343B.label = 41 Third Floor
panorama_D7F0DBAA_C765_61BA_41D4_4C37618193A6.label = 42 Third Floor
panorama_D7F0E455_C765_66EE_41C7_330BC29FA174.label = 43 Student Room
panorama_D7F08C45_C765_66EE_41E5_93376F44DA4F.label = 44 Student Room
album_15CDC68E_3DE8_912D_41BF_655D971005E0.label = 44_tfg_album
panorama_D7F0572F_C765_A2BA_41C6_C0441F1E2DC7.label = 45 Trunk Room
panorama_D7F18FC9_C765_A1E6_41D0_05CAAD093C4C.label = 46 Bathroom
panorama_D7F1981F_C765_AE9A_41E4_B72DE4172202.label = 47 Student Room
panorama_D7F18064_C765_9EAE_41D2_5E0BD29ABEC7.label = 48 Third Floor Hallway
panorama_D7F1A900_C765_EE66_41C6_0CDF3715DFD3.label = 49 Den
model_41960986_77E5_FF94_41D7_0B3DAC0B6D54.label = 49_ad_model
model_7CBC4E23_791C_D493_41BD_4B35ECD743DF.label = 49_greenc_model
model_54316061_42F8_9117_41D0_54F9751B1C72.label = 49_honorary_model
model_5431638B_42F8_972A_41D3_7B453AA947D0.label = 49_school_model
album_3D61E3BB_335F_813A_41CD_03CA8640DAC8.label = 4_oaks_album
panorama_3D4FBDDC_3363_817E_41C5_6552CCF71201.label = 5 The Oaks
panorama_D7F1874C_C765_A2FE_41DD_6C363188D641.label = 50 Den
model_417E5D66_6195_AD6E_41C4_14BEC1F277AD.label = 50_adc_model
album_1B2EC45C_3DE9_712D_41A8_07D8B6590710.label = 50_den_album
album_06B6823E_216E_DC6C_414A_7E3E08D29BDA.label = 50_emmett_album
model_3CB54FEF_5D2B_2718_41D1_119B51C35392.label = 50_gc_model
model_540B8BAC_42AF_976D_41B5_B5D1A63CD981.label = 50_missc_model
model_540B9CF7_42AF_B2FB_4196_831F8903AB5E.label = 50_tl_model,
panorama_D7F1DC14_C765_A66E_41AC_0A8AC2D74B88.label = 51 Den
model_540B9804_42AF_B11D_41BC_8CEFCD341C18.label = 51_dl_model
model_F577D019_5B1F_8791_41BB_1386C98169C7.label = 51_sofa_model
panorama_D7F16949_C765_6EE6_41E7_4607E8400D46.label = 52 Den
panorama_3D4FD0A6_3363_9FCA_41A2_21CD024AA3FF.label = 6 The Oaks
panorama_3D4FE44F_3363_875A_41B0_74ECB558923D.label = 7 The Oaks
panorama_3D4FF7F4_3363_814E_418F_70CBD85E0800.label = 8 The Oaks
album_1F48FBD0_3DA9_7735_41CC_76D5618C22AC.label = 8_entry_album
panorama_7ACCA1D0_676D_E645_4166_A8E260ECE490.label = 9 Entry
photo_0668FDDC_21E2_242C_417B_BEB8D3C2ABED.label = Andrew Carnegie and Booker T
photo_0668FDDC_21E2_242C_417B_BEB8D3C2ABED.label = Andrew Carnegie and Booker T
panorama_4785F2AD_18F0_D05E_41C0_BB8CC94E9AC5.label = BOOKER 3D test 1.6
album_1B37F96F_3DE8_93EB_41CA_E8B32ADE5734_0.label = Booker T
album_06320A6C_2161_ECEC_4193_9A7DDD295815_0.label = Booker T and Dexter
album_06320A6C_2161_ECEC_4193_9A7DDD295815_1.label = Booker T and Dexter 2
album_1C687BD9_3D7B_7737_41AC_B43C22E6E746_0.label = Bricks
album_1B2EC45C_3DE9_712D_41A8_07D8B6590710_0.label = Den
album_1B2EC45C_3DE9_712D_41A8_07D8B6590710_1.label = Desk
album_1984D55C_3D9B_932D_41CA_BEED12A02921_0.label = Dining Hall
album_04253D10_76A8_DF3A_41D3_1B196D995DEE.label = Dummy album
album_067AD66A_21E6_6414_4171_C362A12AD696_0.label = Fireplace
album_25BE6EC2_3D69_9115_41C8_F59468BE3A2D_0.label = Landscape
album_1E5E3729_3DA8_9F17_41CB_92D4B06AB9B0_0.label = Margaret
album_01D04284_5D6D_7908_41B6_FEBF7D1E6AA7_0.label = MargaretJamesMurrayWashington-1917
album_1F665004_3DA8_B11D_4198_1F8F3647F27B_0.label = Margarets Office
photo_B285996E_E202_76FD_41B4_C2E92FCB9034.label = Oaks_Den_LOC
photo_B285996E_E202_76FD_41B4_C2E92FCB9034.label = Oaks_Den_LOC
album_77F1C0B4_AF7D_2A2A_41DF_76121276F659_0.label = Oaks_Den_LOC (1)
album_1DCDC673_3D99_71FB_41B4_B261094D99BC_0.label = Parlor
album_77F1C0B4_AF7D_2A2A_41DF_76121276F659.label = Photo Album Oaks_Den_LOC (1)
album_A8F532FC_A6FF_2E1A_41D1_CCA32FD8C979.label = Photo Album Robert Taylor Architect
album_A91A6B5F_A735_3E16_41E4_8477189DC0F0.label = Photo Album fencing
album_CE0ABC60_FD15_1A2A_41E7_38D5F3111741.label = Photo Album garden image
album_A8F532FC_A6FF_2E1A_41D1_CCA32FD8C979_0.label = Robert Taylor Architect
album_06B6823E_216E_DC6C_414A_7E3E08D29BDA_2.label = Scott Emmit Jay
album_06B6823E_216E_DC6C_414A_7E3E08D29BDA_0.label = Scott Emmit Jay 2
album_06B6823E_216E_DC6C_414A_7E3E08D29BDA_1.label = Scott Emmit Jay 3
album_3D61E3BB_335F_813A_41CD_03CA8640DAC8_0.label = TUIN-The-Oaks-1906-LOC_2
album_1F48FBD0_3DA9_7735_41CC_76D5618C22AC_0.label = TUIN-The-Oaks-Family
album_274E308F_226A_6D64_41A7_F97C1E2E5D5A_0.label = The Oaks Historic Objects-9
album_04253D10_76A8_DF3A_41D3_1B196D995DEE_0.label = Tiny Planet Watkins Mill
album_182F1C1A_3DE8_B135_41CB_12921B836136_0.label = Visionaries
model_27DCA811_5FEE_E908_4197_17E803B4C448.label = bowlerRepaired
album_1B53012D_3DF8_936F_41C8_5CADD3695614_0.label = boys
album_15CDC68E_3DE8_912D_41BF_655D971005E0_0.label = btwvolleyball
album_15CDC68E_3DE8_912D_41BF_655D971005E0_1.label = fencing
album_A91A6B5F_A735_3E16_41E4_8477189DC0F0_0.label = fencing
album_CE0ABC60_FD15_1A2A_41E7_38D5F3111741_0.label = garden image
model_543165B9_42F8_9377_41D2_8EB0BB0697BF.label = hatsTrophiesOnTableUNREPAIRED
album_1B2EC45C_3DE9_712D_41A8_07D8B6590710_2.label = letter
model_F4A09325_5B1F_89B1_41D1_F0058A1EE0E9.label = medicineBallRepaired
model_E34AED61_652B_2B08_41B7_A7D1419FAAFA.label = monkeyChairRepairLowPolyEinscan
album_066C78DA_21E2_2C34_416C_0672756A50CC_0.label = nails
model_822E52B2_222E_52BC_41BA_52C033E7752A.label = oaksfirstfloor
model_81DE1186_222E_2F64_41BB_0B1BE2ECACC6.label = oakssecondfloor (1)
model_8EEB842F_222E_55A4_41AA_FEFF0EBCC530.label = oaksthirdfloor (1)
album_1C551407_3DA8_911B_41CA_282C225BCB91_0.label = pittman_portia
model_540B9C44_42AF_B11D_41D1_56DD255CAAA7.label = repairedFootrest
## Skin
### Button
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Button_B3DC45C8_6F5D_6E45_41D3_FC1F5DEC05E0.label = CALL
Button_1342ECC2_3DA8_F115_41BD_CDCBC63A1D70_mobile.label = CONTACT
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Button_1342ACC2_3DA8_F115_41CE_5F36E6A8D226_mobile.label = LOCATION
Button_13428CC2_3DA8_F115_41B3_DD198D02871E_mobile.label = MODELS
Button_13424CC2_3DA8_F115_41CA_50EF686E13D1.label = NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Button_13424CC2_3DA8_F115_41CA_50EF686E13D1_mobile.label = NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Button_1342BCC2_3DA8_F115_41C6_A83EE6A81D4B_mobile.label = PANORAMA LIST
Button_06264672_216E_64F4_4190_7C21F3568DF5.label = SECOND FLOOR
Button_06270863_216F_EC14_4193_A1915A75990D.label = THIRD FLOOR
### Dropdown
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### Image
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Image_B3DCD5C8_6F5D_6E45_41D1_3FDB4B5F2FF8_mobile.url = skin/Image_B3DCD5C8_6F5D_6E45_41D1_3FDB4B5F2FF8_mobile_en.png
### Multiline Text
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HTMLText_B3DC55C8_6F5D_6E45_41D1_824FEE182F54.html = Mailing Address:
1212 West Montgomery Road
Tuskegee Institute, AL 36088
Phone:
334 727-3200
Mailing Address:
1212 West Montgomery Road
Tuskegee Institute, AL 36088
Phone:
334 727-3200
Replace the body of text.
Replace the body of text.
The Oaks
Welcome to the Oaks, family home of famed educator Booker T Washington.
Situated on the grounds of Tuskegee Institute (now University), The Oaks follows campus tradition of African American students and faculty members designing and constructing the building themselves. Students began on the home in 1899 and finished it during the later year of 1900. The house has nine bedrooms, five bathrooms, and modern conveniences like indoor plumbing, hot and cold running water, and electricity.
The purpose of this home was for Washington and his family to have a nice place to live and entertain, and to provide an opportunity for students to learn on the job training. Washington believed in “learn by doing”. His concepts of education combined with everyday work led to real-world experience with practical skills. Tuskegee, and in turn The Oaks, embodied his total commitment to learning, self-help, practical training, and service to the community.
Photograph of The Oaks with newly installed landscaping circa 1906, taken from West Montgomery Road, northeast of the site. Note the Well House at rear of residence.
Library
Margaret’s office served as a library for the home. This table includes Invention Magazine and 1905 Scientific American magazine with “Evolution of the Horse” on the cover. The autographed book sitting open was a gift to Washington from famed African American explorer Matthew Henson. Henson's memoir A Negro Explorer at the North Pole gave his account of one of his expeditions to the Arctic.
Washington himself authored and coauthored many books that reflected his ideas on education and society. Up From Slavery, his autobiography written in 1900, has been translated into many languages.
Fireplace Mantle
TN engraved on the fireplace mantle in Margaret’s Bedroom. The letters T.N. represent the school's name during that time period. From 1891-1937, the name of the school was Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute
Furnishing Plan: The Oaks (Kathleen McLeister, 1980)
School Photo
In 1872, at age sixteen, Booker T. Washington entered Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia. The dominant personality at the school, which had opened in 1868 under the auspices of the American Missionary Association, was the principal, Samuel Chapman Armstrong, the son of American missionaries in Hawaii.
Armstrong, who had commanded Black troops in the Civil War, believed that the progress of freedmen and their descendants depended on education of a special sort, which would be practical and utilitarian and would at the same time inculcate character and morality.
Washington traveled most of the distance from Malden to Hampton on foot, arriving penniless. His entrance examination to Hampton was to clean a room. The teacher inspected his work with a spotless, white handkerchief. Booker was admitted. He was given work as a janitor to pay the cost of his room and board, and Armstrong arranged for a White benefactor to pay his tuition.
At Hampton, Washington studied academic subjects and agriculture, which included work in the fields and pigsties. He also learned lessons in personal cleanliness and good manners. His special interest was public speaking and debate. He was jubilant when he was chosen to speak at his commencement.
The most important part of his experience at Hampton was his association with Armstrong, who he described in his autobiography as "a great man - the noblest, rarest human being it has ever been my privilege to meet." From Armstrong, Washington derived much of his educational philosophy.
After graduating from Hampton with honors in 1875, Washington returned to Malden to teach. For eight months he was a student at Wayland Seminary, an institution with a curriculum that was entirely academic. This experience reinforced his belief in an educational system that emphasized practical skills and self-help. In 1879, Washington returned to Hampton to teach in a program for American Indians.
Architect – Robert Robinson Taylor
Robert Robinson Taylor was born in 1868 Wilmington, North Carolina to an enslaved mother and white father that granted Taylor the mobility of a freedman before the Civil War. After years of carpentry, Taylor attended MIT to study architecture. He is regarded as the first professionally trained Black architect from MIT. Taylor designed buildings in states such as Massachusetts, Alabama, Ohio, and the country of Liberia, but is perhaps most remembered for his architectural contributions to multiple buildings at Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute.
Invited by Booker T. Washington in the late 1890s to orchestrate industrial programs and projects, Robert R. Taylor took to working on designs for Tuskegee—constructing a plethora of Tuskegee buildings between 1892 and 1930. He also served as an architectural instructor for the school as he simultaneously began an architectural business.
He retired from Tuskegee in 1932 after a heart attack and returned to his hometown. Taylor spent the end of his life devoted to social justice issues and serving the Fayetteville State Teacher’s College as a trustee.
Taylor passed on December 13th, 1942, [while attending services in Tuskegee University's original chapel, which was the first building in Macon County to have electricity].
Architect – Robert Robinson Taylor
Robert Robinson Taylor was born in 1868 Wilmington, North Carolina to an enslaved mother and white father that granted Taylor the mobility of a freedman before the Civil War. After years of carpentry, Taylor attended MIT to study architecture. He is regarded as the first professionally trained Black architect from MIT. Taylor designed buildings in states such as Massachusetts, Alabama, Ohio, and the country of Liberia, but is perhaps most remembered for his architectural contributions to multiple buildings at Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute.
Invited by Booker T. Washington in the late 1890s to orchestrate industrial programs and projects, Robert R. Taylor took to working on designs for Tuskegee—constructing a plethora of Tuskegee buildings between 1892 and 1930. He also served as an architectural instructor for the school as he simultaneously began an architectural business.
He retired from Tuskegee in 1932 after a heart attack and returned to his hometown. Taylor spent the end of his life devoted to social justice issues and serving the Fayetteville State Teacher’s College as a trustee.
Taylor passed on December 13th, 1942, [while attending services in Tuskegee University's original chapel, which was the first building in Macon County to have electricity].
Booker T Washington Bedroom
Booker Taliaferro Washington rose from slavery to a position of power and influence. A realist and a man of action, Washington advocated economic independence through self-help, hard work, and a practical education. His drive and vision built Tuskegee into a major African American presence and place of learning.
At 25, Washington was appointed principal of the newly established Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers. There were no buildings when he arrived. On July 4, 1881, Washington held his first classes for thirty male and female students in a church and a shanty. Using his outstanding fundraising capabilities and negotiating skills, Washington purchased an abandoned plantation of 1,000 acres. The plantation became the nucleus of Tuskegee Institute and Tuskegee University's present campus. Through the hard work of faculty and students, under Washington's leadership, Tuskegee grew in size and prominence. His grand home on campus, The Oaks, showcased his success.
With mesmerizing oratory and an energetic speaking schedule, Washington became a major spokesman for his people. A skilled politician, he developed relationships with blacks, whites, farmers and businessmen in the North and the South. He traveled extensively, with exhausting speaking and fundraising schedules. Always pleased to return home, The Oaks became Washington's respite and retreat.
Booker T. Washington
Library of Congress
LC-USZ62-5512
Booker T Washington Bedroom
Booker Taliaferro Washington rose from slavery to a position of power and influence. A realist and a man of action, Washington advocated economic independence through self-help, hard work, and a practical education. His drive and vision built Tuskegee into a major African American presence and place of learning.
At 25, Washington was appointed principal of the newly established Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers. There were no buildings when he arrived. On July 4, 1881, Washington held his first classes for thirty male and female students in a church and a shanty. Using his outstanding fundraising capabilities and negotiating skills, Washington purchased an abandoned plantation of 1,000 acres. The plantation became the nucleus of Tuskegee Institute and Tuskegee University's present campus. Through the hard work of faculty and students, under Washington's leadership, Tuskegee grew in size and prominence. His grand home on campus, The Oaks, showcased his success.
With mesmerizing oratory and an energetic speaking schedule, Washington became a major spokesman for his people. A skilled politician, he developed relationships with blacks, whites, farmers and businessmen in the North and the South. He traveled extensively, with exhausting speaking and fundraising schedules. Always pleased to return home, The Oaks became Washington's respite and retreat.
Booker T. Washington
Library of Congress
LC-USZ62-5512
Booker T. Washington’s Sitting Room
Author Amy Nash describes a typical Gilded Age scene: “After dinner, it was customary for the women to retire to a separate sitting room while the gentlemen remained in the dining room or go to the library where they would pass around the port wine while exchanging stories. It was during this time that the men would smoke, something that a gentleman would never do in the presence of a lady. After about a half-hour had passed, the host would suggest to his male guests that they join the ladies in the drawing room, where they would enjoy coffee, tea, and mutual conversation for perhaps yet another half-hour. At last the evening would end, usually around eleven o’clock, and upon acknowledging a lovely evening, guests took their leave.”
The American Dinner Party from “A Gilded Age Dinner: According to Godey’s Lady’s Book,” New England Antiques Journal (2005)
Boys Bathroom
Only the best for the Washington boys. Note both functional and frivolous details in this bathroom:
Hand-painted 14 karat gold on the tile.
Popularized in the late 1800s, a toilet with its tank mounted high on the wall used gravity to improve flushing.
Boys Bathroom
Only the best for the Washington boys. Note both functional and frivolous details in this bathroom:
Hand-painted 14 karat gold on the tile.
Popularized in the late 1800s, a toilet with its tank mounted high on the wall used gravity to improve flushing.
Boys Room
Sons Booker T. Washington Jr. and Ernest Davidson Washington shared this room. The brothers were born to Booker T. Washington and his second wife Olivia Davidson. Their mother died as a result of Tuberculosis shortly after Ernest’s birth.
The boys were 13 and 11 years old when the family moved into The Oaks. Active and athletic, they enlivened the house with exercise and games, as well as study. Both attended Tuskegee Institute, and spent much of their adults lives in Tuskegee.
Photo by Frances Benjamin Johnston
Library of Congress
LC J694-260
Boys Room
Sons Booker T. Washington Jr. and Ernest Davidson Washington shared this room. The brothers were born to Booker T. Washington and his second wife Olivia Davidson. Their mother died as a result of Tuberculosis shortly after Ernest’s birth.
The boys were 13 and 11 years old when the family moved into The Oaks. Active and athletic, they enlivened the house with exercise and games, as well as study. Both attended Tuskegee Institute, and spent much of their adults lives in Tuskegee.
Photo by Frances Benjamin Johnston
Library of Congress
LC J694-260
Bricks
The Oaks was constructed by students using bricks made on the campus, framing lumber from the sawmill, and interior architectural woodwork and finishes produced at the Institute.
Students learned the practical, productive skill of bricklaying. The Tuskegee brickyard produced enough bricks to sell the surplus to the community and provide the school with an income. Brick making, begun in 1883 was not an instant success. Only after ruining many bricks did the novice brick makers finally master the craft. Tuskegee students used brick fired from clay dug on the Tuskegee farm to erect many of the school's buildings.
Photo by Frances Benjamin Johnston
Bricks
The Oaks was constructed by students using bricks made on the campus, framing lumber from the sawmill, and interior architectural woodwork and finishes produced at the Institute.
Students learned the practical, productive skill of bricklaying. The Tuskegee brickyard produced enough bricks to sell the surplus to the community and provide the school with an income. Brick making, begun in 1883 was not an instant success. Only after ruining many bricks did the novice brick makers finally master the craft. Tuskegee students used brick fired from clay dug on the Tuskegee farm to erect many of the school's buildings.
Photo by Frances Benjamin Johnston
Cabash
This item is made from a ground. The ground has a long, straight thin step and a round bulbous body. Cut into one side of body is a round hole approximately 25mm in diameter. There are no other holes or indentions in the gourd. Gourd is medium brown in color and has a mottled appearance. The gourd is hard in structure.
Cabash
This item is made from a ground. The ground has a long, straight thin step and a round bulbous body. Cut into one side of body is a round hole approximately 25mm in diameter. There are no other holes or indentions in the gourd. Gourd is medium brown in color and has a mottled appearance. The gourd is hard in structure
Chinese Desk Chair
Monkey and dragon figures surrounded by fruit and foliage adorn this ornate low back throne chair. Margaret Washington gifted this Chinese desk set to her husband to compliment the Japanese furniture also in the Den.
Secretary Emmett Jay Scott sat in this chair while working long hours alongside his employer.
Chinese Desk Chair
Monkey and dragon figures surrounded by fruit and foliage adorn this ornate low back throne chair. Margaret Washington gifted this Chinese desk set to her husband to compliment the Japanese furniture also in the Den.
Secretary Emmett Jay Scott sat in this chair while working long hours alongside his employer.
Den Light
The Den is furnished much as Dr. Washington had it. His desk sat in the center of the room under a pendant light fixture suspended from the ceiling. It is not hard to imagine Dr. Washington reaching up to turn on this light as he worked late into the evening.
Den Light
The Den is furnished much as Dr. Washington had it. His desk sat in the center of the room under a pendant light fixture suspended from the ceiling. It is not hard to imagine Dr. Washington reaching up to turn on this light as he worked late into the evening.
Den
Booker T. Washington's home office, known as the Den, was a vital space for his work and personal life. The office served as a hub for his extensive correspondence and administrative duties. It was here that Washington strategized on matters of education, civil rights, and community development. Politicians, journalists, and school trustees met with Washington here. His home office proved so important, that Washington's secretary also had a desk in the Den.
The room, adorned with period furnishings and filled with documents and memorabilia, reflects Washington's dedication to his mission. The home office was more than just a workplace; it was a testament to his tireless efforts to uplift African Americans and promote social progress. At night, after a full day's work, Washington returned to his home office, to continue work until late in the evening.
Den
Booker T. Washington's home office, known as the Den, was a vital space for his work and personal life. The office served as a hub for his extensive correspondence and administrative duties. It was here that Washington strategized on matters of education, civil rights, and community development. Politicians, journalists, and school trustees met with Washington here. His home office proved so important, that Washington's secretary also had a desk in the Den.
The room, adorned with period furnishings and filled with documents and memorabilia, reflects Washington's dedication to his mission. The home office was more than just a workplace; it was a testament to his tireless efforts to uplift African Americans and promote social progress. At night, after a full day's work, Washington returned to his home office, to continue work until late in the evening.
Dexter
Washington’s biographer Louis Harlan noted: . . . from his big house (in the plantation sense), ‘The Oaks,’ Washington ran his school without delegation of authority and with infinite attention to detail . . . each morning he toured the campus on horseback (on his favorite horse, “Dexter”), and noted . . . evidence of every student waste or neglect. It all went into his little red notebook, from which flowed a thousand memoranda reminding errant faculty members of their high duty.
Arthur P. Bedou. Booker T. Washington on Horseback. 1915 | MoMA
The photograph shows Booker T. Washington on his horse near the porte-cochere. White chert material paves the driveway.
Dexter
Washington’s biographer Louis Harlan noted: . . . from his big house (in the plantation sense), ‘The Oaks,’ Washington ran his school without delegation of authority and with infinite attention to detail . . . each morning he toured the campus on horseback (on his favorite horse, “Dexter”), and noted . . . evidence of every student waste or neglect. It all went into his little red notebook, from which flowed a thousand memoranda reminding errant faculty members of their high duty.
Arthur P. Bedou. Booker T. Washington on Horseback, 1915 | MoMA
The photograph shows Booker T. Washington on his horse near the porte-cochere. White chert material paves the driveway.
Door to Service Spaces
This door leads to the Butler's Pantry, with a Breakfast Room and the Kitchen beyond. Wealthy American and English households of the 19th and 20th Centuries were designed to clearly separate servants' utilitarian spaces from their employers' more formal reception spaces. A Butler's Pantry was used as a food prep area, with this door helping prevent the noise and smells from the kitchen from entering the dining room. There is no record of an actual butler at The Oaks. This space was used by the female work study students who took care of the cooking and serving.
Door to Service Spaces
This door leads to the Butler's Pantry, with a Breakfast Room and the Kitchen beyond. Wealthy American and English households of the 19th and 20th Centuries were designed to clearly separate servants' utilitarian spaces from their employers' more formal reception spaces. A Butler's Pantry was used as a food prep area, with this door helping prevent the noise and smells from the kitchen from entering the dining room. There is no record of an actual butler at The Oaks. This space was used by the female work study students who took care of the cooking and serving.
Dumbwaiter
Using a simple pulley system, the design for a dumbwaiter has been around since ancient times. But it wasn't until the mid-1700s that the dumbwaiter was regularly used to transport food between floors, like a mini service elevator. Patented in the late 1800s, a mechanical dumbwaiter became fashionable in many wealthy family homes.
Dumbwaiter
Using a simple pulley system, the design for a dumbwaiter has been around since ancient times. But it wasn't until the mid-1700s that the dumbwaiter was regularly used to transport food between floors, like a mini service elevator. Patented in the late 1800s, a mechanical dumbwaiter became fashionable in many wealthy family homes.
Educating Others
Tuskegee University
Tuskegee University was established thanks to an unlikely pair of men. Lewis Adams, a former slave and tradesman, and George Campbell, a former slave owner, urged Alabama legislators to appropriate $2,000 to establish a school for training Black teachers. Adams then bought a "good" horse, second hand lumber wagon, a plow, harness, and feed for the school. This humble start echoes the humble beginnings of Booker T. Washington. The school and its principal grew together.
Washington brought energy and pragmatism to Tuskegee. Buildings were needed, so the students made and laid bricks. Hungry students ate the products of the school's farm, acquiring in the process a knowledge of progressive agricultural methods. Thus they learned by doing while earning compensation toward tuition.
Washington also brought the best and brightest to teach at Tuskegee, encouraging alumni share take their training and ideas to help advance the wider community.
Initially established to provide vocational training for African Americans, the institution grew to offer a wide range of academic programs, emphasizing practical skills and self-reliance. Known for its pioneering role in black education, the Tuskegee Institute also became famous for its research contributions, including George Washington Carver's agricultural innovations. Over the years, it has evolved into a comprehensive university, now known as Tuskegee University, continuing its mission to empower students through education and community service.
Educating Others
Tuskegee University
Tuskegee University was established thanks to an unlikely pair of men. Lewis Adams, a former slave and tradesman, and George Campbell, a former slave owner, urged Alabama legislators to appropriate $2,000 to establish a school for training Black teachers. Adams then bought a "good" horse, second hand lumber wagon, a plow, harness, and feed for the school. This humble start echoes the humble beginnings of Booker T. Washington. The school and its principal grew together.
Washington brought energy and pragmatism to Tuskegee. Buildings were needed, so the students made and laid bricks. Hungry students ate the products of the school's farm, acquiring in the process a knowledge of progressive agricultural methods. Thus they learned by doing while earning compensation toward tuition.
Washington also brought the best and brightest to teach at Tuskegee, encouraging alumni share take their training and ideas to help advance the wider community.
Initially established to provide vocational training for African Americans, the institution grew to offer a wide range of academic programs, emphasizing practical skills and self-reliance. Known for its pioneering role in black education, the Tuskegee Institute also became famous for its research contributions, including George Washington Carver's agricultural innovations. Over the years, it has evolved into a comprehensive university, now known as Tuskegee University, continuing its mission to empower students through education and community service.
Electric Light Bath
"I never see a filthy yard that I do not want to clean it...or a button off one's clothes, or a grease-spot on them or on a floor, that I do not want to call attention to it."
-Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington’s bathroom reflects his meticulous nature, though it lacks a tub or shower. Instead, a large wooden box against the west wall serves as an electric light bath. Around the turn of the century and into the 1940s, light therapy, or phototherapy, emerged as a novel treatment for various disorders. While Harvey Kellogg, the creator of corn flakes, is often credited with inventing the electric bath, Washington’s interest likely came from Europe. Following a trip abroad, he had Tuskegee students construct his own light bath box.
Electric Light Bath
"I never see a filthy yard that I do not want to clean it...or a button off one's clothes, or a grease-spot on them or on a floor, that I do not want to call attention to it."
-Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington’s bathroom reflects his meticulous nature, though it lacks a tub or shower. Instead, a large wooden box against the west wall serves as an electric light bath. Around the turn of the century and into the 1940s, light therapy, or phototherapy, emerged as a novel treatment for various disorders. While Harvey Kellogg, the creator of corn flakes, is often credited with inventing the electric bath, Washington’s interest likely came from Europe. Following a trip abroad, he had Tuskegee students construct his own light bath box.
Emmett Jay Scott
During the 1890s, Scott worked on newspapers in his hometown of Houston, Texas. After rising to reporter at a white-owned paper, Scott left to co-found and edit Houston’s first African American newspaper. He invited Booker T. Washington to speak in Houston in 1897. Scott impressed Washington. That same year, the educator hired the savvy newspaperman as his private secretary and publicity chief. The move to Tuskegee marked the beginning of an eighteen-year relationship that lasted until Washington's death. During these years Scott became Washington's chief adviser, confidant, and even ghostwriter. Scott served as the Tuskegee Institute treasurer-secretary from 1912 to 1919.
Serving as Washington's secretary paved the way for an outstanding career in public service. After leaving Tuskegee, Scott became Special Advisor of Black Affairs to Secretary of War Newton D. Baker during Woodrow Wilson's presidency, making him the highest-ranking African American in the administration. Later, he served as Secretary-Treasurer of Howard University from 1919 to 1932. During World War II, he worked for the Sun Shipbuilding Company, helping to create opportunities for black laborers.
Emmett Jay Scott
During the 1890s, Scott worked on newspapers in his hometown of Houston, Texas. After rising to reporter at a white-owned paper, Scott left to co-found and edit Houston’s first African American newspaper. He invited Booker T. Washington to speak in Houston in 1897. Scott impressed Washington. That same year, the educator hired the savvy newspaperman as his private secretary and publicity chief. The move to Tuskegee marked the beginning of an eighteen-year relationship that lasted until Washington's death. During these years Scott became Washington's chief adviser, confidant, and even ghostwriter. Scott served as the Tuskegee Institute treasurer-secretary from 1912 to 1919.
Serving as Washington's secretary paved the way for an outstanding career in public service. After leaving Tuskegee, Scott became Special Advisor of Black Affairs to Secretary of War Newton D. Baker during Woodrow Wilson's presidency, making him the highest-ranking African American in the administration. Later, he served as Secretary-Treasurer of Howard University from 1919 to 1932. During World War II, he worked for the Sun Shipbuilding Company, helping to create opportunities for black laborers.
Fireplace Mantel
TN engraved on the fireplace mantle in Margaret’s Bedroom. The letters T.N. represent the school's name during that time period. From 1891-1937, the name of the school was Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute
Furnishing Plan: The Oaks (Kathleen McLeister, 1980)
Margaret became the Dean of Women at Tuskegee, President of the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs and the President of the International Council of Women of the Darker Races. At the time of her death in June 1925 she was the most influential black woman in America. 37 As principal of the women's division of Tuskegee, Margaret developed a curriculum for women that included courses on sewing, dressmaking, home management, cooking, marketing and home furnishing. She also helped to mold and apply a regimen of dress, study and time-use that occupied every waking hour of the day with direction and purpose.
Frieze
In 1908, after the picture rails were lowered in the major front rooms, a series of frieze murals were added. (Though not completed, murals may have been planned for rooms on the second story, since these picture rails were also lowered.) During the construction of The Oaks, the Washington family visited Europe, and their trip inspired the friezes. Painted by European artist E. W. Borman, the friezes show scenes from Denmark, another room France, and another room Italy.
The water in many of the murals was calming to Washington, as he loved to fish.
Frieze
In 1908, artist E.W. Borman painted a series of frieze murals after the picture rails were lowered in the major front rooms. (Murals may have been planned for rooms on the second story, since these picture rails were also lowered.)31 The murals were completed after a Washington family trip to Europe, and may have been inspired by this trip.
The water in many of the murals was calming to him, he loved to fish.
Condition Assessment Report: The Oaks, Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site, Alabama (Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Wiss, Janey, Elstner Associates, Inc. and WFT Architects, December 2016)
From Metropolitan AME Church in Washington, DC
The African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church started in the late 1700s in Philadelphia in response to racial discrimination against Black parishinors in the Methodist Episcopal Church. The AME Church movement grew and spread, becoming an important center of worship and cornerstone of community. After the Civil War, many AME missionaries went south and the denomination continues to have a strong presence in the South today. In this document, the Metropolitan Board of Trustees offers their thanks to Dr. Washington for donating the proceeds of his March 1904 lecture to the Church fund.
From Metropolitan AME Church in Washington, DC
The African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church started in the late 1700s in Philadelphia in response to racial discrimination against Black parishinors in the Methodist Episcopal Church. The AME Church movement grew and spread, becoming an important center of worship and cornerstone of community. After the Civil War, many AME missionaries went south and the denomination continues to have a strong presence in the South today. In this document, the Metropolitan Board of Trustees offers their thanks to Dr. Washington for donating the proceeds of his March 1904 lecture to the Church fund.
Garden
Behind The Oaks spread Booker T. Washington's backyard farm, which included chickens, pigs, vegetable gardens, and flower beds. Washington stated that he liked to rise early to visit his chickens in the back yard and collect fresh eggs. He wrote about the pleasure the garden gave him:
"Somehow I like, as often as possible to touch nature, not something that is artificial or an imitation but the real thing. When I can leave my office in time so that I can spend thirty or forty minutes in spading the ground, in planting seeds, in digging about the plants, I feel that I am coming into contact with something that is giving me strength for the many duties and hard places that await me out in the big world. I pity the man or woman who has never learned to enjoy nature and to get strength and inspiration out of it.
Aside from the large number of fowls and animals kept by the school, I keep individually a number of pigs and fowls of the best grades, and in raising these I take a great deal of pleasure. I think the pig is my favourite animal."
Garden
Behind The Oaks spread Booker T. Washington's backyard farm, which included chickens, pigs, vegetable gardens, and flower beds. Washington stated that he liked to rise early to visit his chickens in the back yard and collect fresh eggs. He wrote about the pleasure the garden gave him:
"Somehow I like, as often as possible to touch nature, not something that is artificial or an imitation but the real thing. When I can leave my office in time so that I can spend thirty or forty minutes in spading the ground, in planting seeds, in digging about the plants, I feel that I am coming into contact with something that is giving me strength for the many duties and hard places that await me out in the big world. I pity the man or woman who has never learned to enjoy nature and to get strength and inspiration out of it.
Aside from the large number of fowls and animals kept by the school, I keep individually a number of pigs and fowls of the best grades, and in raising these I take a great deal of pleasure. I think the pig is my favourite animal."
Gold Chair
This gold upholstered chair is a recliner. The hinge on the side releases the back to tilt. The armrests pull up to form two small side tables.
Gold Chair
This gold upholstered chair is a recliner. The hinge on the side releases the back to tilt. The armrests pull up to form two small side tables.
Grave
In November 1915, Washington began to suffer the symptoms of serious kidney trouble and high blood pressure. He went to St. Luke’s Hospital in New York and consulted doctors there, but they couldn’t do much. He decided to head home. “I was born in the South,” he remarked, “I have lived and labored in the South, and I expect to die and be buried in the South.” His wife helped him take the train from Pennsylvania Station on Friday, November 12th. She arranged to have an ambulance meet them at Chehaw , the train station about five miles from Tuskegee, around 9 P.M. Saturday.
As he made his final journey, he had much to be proud of. Tuskegee was in great shape. There were about 200 teachers training some 1,500 students in 38 trades and professions. The campus had a hundred modern buildings. Tuskegee was debt-free with over 2,000 acres and a $2 million endowment. Most important was the legacy of graduates who, he noted, “are showing the masses of our race how to improve their material, educational, and moral and religious life…[and they are] causing the Southern white man to learn to believe in the value of educating the men and women of my race.” Washington got home, but he died at 4:45 Sunday morning, November 14, 1915 [in his bedroom]. He was 59. A simple funeral was held Wednesday at Tuskegee. He was buried in the campus cemetery with a tremendous hunk of granite for a gravestone.
Grave
While traveling in November 1915, Washington began to suffer the symptoms of serious kidney trouble and high blood pressure. He consulted with doctors and went to St. Luke’s Hospital in New York for treatment. But little could be done. Realizing the end was near, he decided to head home. “I was born in the South,” he remarked, “I have lived and labored in the South, and I expect to die and be buried in the South.” Accompanied by his wife, his secretary, and a physician, Dr. Washington left New York for Tuskegee.
As he made his final journey, he had much to be proud of. The Institute was in great shape. There were about 200 teachers training some 1,500 students in 38 trades and professions. The campus had a hundred modern buildings. Tuskegee was debt-free with over 2,000 acres and a $2 million endowment. Most important was the legacy of graduates who, he noted, “are showing the masses of our race how to improve their material, educational, and moral and religious life…[and they are] causing the Southern white man to learn to believe in the value of educating the men and women of my race.”
Washington arrived home just after midnight and died in his bedroom just hours later around 4:40 Sunday morning, November 14, 1915. He was 59. A simple funeral was held Wednesday at Tuskegee. He was buried in the campus cemetery with a tremendous hunk of granite for a gravestone.
Green Rocking Chair
According to the Tuskegee Women's Club, who managed The Oaks following Mrs Washington's passing, this chair has a special origin story: It came from Abraham Lincoln's home in Springfield, Illinois. More than a piece of furniture, this object draws a direct connection between a man born into slavery and the president who proclaimed freedom for millions of enslaved Americans.
During the Washington's residency, this rocking chair sat prominently in the Parlor.
Green Rocking Chair
According to the Tuskegee Women's Club, who managed The Oaks following Mrs Washington's passing, this chair has a special origin story: It came from Abraham Lincoln's home in Springfield, Illinois. More than a piece of furniture, this object draws a direct connection between a man born into slavery and the president who proclaimed freedom for millions of enslaved Americans.
During the Washington's residency, this rocking chair sat prominently in the Parlor.
Guest Room
As Washington and the school became more well known, especially after his appearance at the Atlanta Exposition of 1895, a constant flow of visitors arrived at Tuskegee, seeking time and attention from Dr. Washington. After President William McKinley visited the Washingtons in their small home in 1898, it became clear that Tuskegee’s leader needed a larger space to receive callers. The Oaks met that need, hosting many dinners and events, as well as overnight guests. Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois stayed at The Oaks while a guest instructor at Tuskegee in 1903.
The Washingtons’ personal and professional lives were completely intertwined with the Institute, with The Oaks serving as a social hub. In 1906, Tuskegee Institute proudly celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary with parades, music, oratory, and a remarkable gathering of supporters, including President Theodore Roosevelt. The reception for this gathering was at The Oaks. Of course, segregation dictated that no White visitors stayed as overnight guests.
In Margaret's later years, she could no longer climb the staircase and used the first floor Guest Room as her bedroom.
R.C. Ogden, Senator Taft, Booker T. Washington, and Andrew Carnegie
Library of Congress, LC J694-353A
Guest Room
As Washington and the school became more well known, especially after his appearance at the Atlanta Exposition of 1895, a constant flow of visitors arrived at Tuskegee, seeking time and attention from Dr. Washington. After President William McKinley visited the Washingtons in their small home in 1898, it became clear that Tuskegee’s leader needed a larger space to receive callers. The Oaks met that need, hosting many dinners and events, as well as overnight guests. Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois stayed at The Oaks while a guest instructor at Tuskegee in 1903.
The Washingtons’ personal and professional lives were completely intertwined with the Institute, with The Oaks serving as a social hub. In 1906, Tuskegee Institute proudly celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary with parades, music, oratory, and a remarkable gathering of supporters, including President Theodore Roosevelt. The reception for this gathering was at The Oaks. Of course, segregation dictated that no White visitors stayed as overnight guests.
In Margaret's later years, she could no longer climb the staircase and used the first floor Guest Room as her bedroom.
R.C. Ogden, Senator Taft, Booker T. Washington, and Andrew Carnegie
Library of Congress, LC J694-353A
Hardwood Floors
Existing original wood floors are finished with 1/4- inch-thick hardwood parquet flooring. The field strips are laid in a diagonal pattern and finished with a nearly clear stain. A decorative 10-inch border pattern occurs at rooms where the flooring is exposed as the finished surface. The patterns are unique to each room and consist of stained color and geometric patterns. The flooring was installed with face nails which are visible in the field and decorative borders. A similar orthogonal pattern strip flooring with no border was noted at the entry vestibule, where carpet could be lifted to expose the wood flooring. A quarter-round trim bead terminates the flooring where wood flooring is exposed. There is no bead at carpeted rooms. The kitchen, breakfast room, and pantry have 1-1/2- inch-wide strip flooring installed perpendicular to the walls, with no border. The third-floor rooms are finished with a wider, pine tongue-and-groove flooring.
Tampered nails made by students.
An excerpt from the SER's 2019 Condition Assessment Report. The information below can be found on page 44 under the subheading: Interior Finishes- Floors
Hardwood Floors
Existing original wood floors are finished with 1/4- inch-thick hardwood parquet flooring. The field strips are laid in a diagonal pattern and finished with a nearly clear stain. A decorative 10-inch border pattern occurs at rooms where the flooring is exposed as the finished surface. The patterns are unique to each room and consist of stained color and geometric patterns. The flooring was installed with face nails which are visible in the field and decorative borders. A similar orthogonal pattern strip flooring with no border was noted at the entry vestibule, where carpet could be lifted to expose the wood flooring. A quarter-round trim bead terminates the flooring where wood flooring is exposed. There is no bead at carpeted rooms. The kitchen, breakfast room, and pantry have 1-1/2- inch-wide strip flooring installed perpendicular to the walls, with no border. The third-floor rooms are finished with a wider, pine tongue-and-groove flooring.
Tampered nails made by students.
An excerpt from the SER's 2019 Condition Assessment Report. The information below can be found on page 44 under the subheading: Interior Finishes- Floors
Home Economic Students
The front entrance was reserved for guests. Students would enter the home through this right-side entrance.
Home Economic Students
The front entrance was reserved for guests. Students would enter the home through this right-side entrance.
Honorary Degrees
From Harvard (on left): To the left of the door are his two honoree degrees (Harvard & Dartmouth). When he got his letter to say they would like to honor him as the first African American to get a degree from Harvard, he said, “As I sat upon my veranda, with this letter in my hand, tears came into my eyes. My whole former life—my life as a slave on the plantation, my work in the coal-mine, the time when I was without food and clothing, when I made my bed under a sidewalk, my struggles for an education, the trying days I had had at Tuskegee, days when I did not know where to turn for a dollar to continue the work there, the ostracism and sometimes oppression of my race,--all this passed before me and nearly overcame me. Hampton Institute, Honorary Doctoral Degree Darthmouth (on right)
Honorary Degrees
From Harvard (on left): To the left of the door are his two honoree degrees (Harvard & Dartmouth). When he got his letter to say they would like to honor him as the first African American to get a degree from Harvard, he said, “As I sat upon my veranda, with this letter in my hand, tears came into my eyes. My whole former life—my life as a slave on the plantation, my work in the coal-mine, the time when I was without food and clothing, when I made my bed under a sidewalk, my struggles for an education, the trying days I had had at Tuskegee, days when I did not know where to turn for a dollar to continue the work there, the ostracism and sometimes oppression of my race,--all this passed before me and nearly overcame me. Hampton Institute, Honorary Doctoral Degree Dartmouth (on right)
Japanese Chair and Writing Desk
Washington's large writing desk and matching teakwood high back chair were a gift from a Japanese student's family (class of 1908). The intricate carvings include bejeweled dragons. Washington spent long hours seated at this desk, even after a full day at his office in the Tuskegee Administrative Building. He wrote, "I make it a rule to clear my desk ever day, before leaving my office, of all correspondence and memoranda, so that on the morrow I can being a new day of work."
Japanese Chair and Writing Desk
Washington's large writing desk and matching teakwood high back chair were a gift from a Japanese student's family (class of 1908). The intricate carvings include bejeweled dragons. Washington spent long hours seated at this desk, even after a full day at his office in the Tuskegee Administrative Building. He wrote, "I make it a rule to clear my desk ever day, before leaving my office, of all correspondence and memoranda, so that on the morrow I can being a new day of work."
Kitchen
This door leads to The Oaks kitchen. In addition to work study students, the Washingtons usually employed a cook, maid, and groundskeeper. Sometime between 1910-1915, a second story was added above the kitchen wing. The roof was prudently reused on the new upper floor.
Kitchen
This door leads to The Oaks kitchen. In addition to work study students, the Washingtons usually employed a cook, maid, and groundskeeper. Sometime between 1910-1915, a second story was added above the kitchen wing. The roof was prudently reused on the new upper floor.
Landscape
The Washingtons commissioned David A. Williston to design the surrounding landscape including a carriage trail, planting beds and a rustic summerhouse at the rear of the property.
Washington was determined to bring the best and brightest teachers to Tuskegee. Williston was the first African American graduate of Cornell University’s College of Agriculture and the first African American to own and operate a landscape architecture firm in the United States. Professor George W. Carver also assisted the Washington family in selecting appropriate plants for the landscape.
Following the death of Dr. Washington in 1915, the residence remained in the family. Margaret Murray Washington remained the house until her death in 1925.
Landscape
The Washingtons commissioned David A. Williston to design the surrounding landscape including a carriage trail, planting beds and a rustic summerhouse at the rear of the property.
Washington was determined to bring the best and brightest teachers to Tuskegee. Williston was the first African American graduate of Cornell University’s College of Agriculture and the first African American to own and operate a landscape architecture firm in the United States. Professor George W. Carver also assisted the Washington family in selecting appropriate plants for the landscape.
Following the death of Dr. Washington in 1915, the residence remained in the family. Margaret Murray Washington remained the house until her death in 1925.
Library
Margaret’s office served as a library for the home. This table includes Invention Magazine and 1905 Scientific American magazine with “Evolution of the Horse” on the cover. The autographed book sitting open was a gift to Washington from famed African American explorer Matthew Henson. Henson's memoir A Negro Explorer at the North Pole gave his account of one of his expeditions to the Arctic.
Washington himself authored and coauthored many books that reflected his ideas on education and society. Up From Slavery, his autobiography written in 1900, has been translated into many languages.
Lighting and Fixtures
Constructed by students, the 14-room home was the first home in Macon County, Alabama with electricity, steam heating, and indoor plumbing. Booker T. Washington recognized the profound impact of showcasing a successful Black family in a modern mansion—an important image for both Black and White audiences to see.
Construction of the home was funded by wealthy benefactors, including Andrew Carnegie.
Lighting and Fixtures
Constructed by students, the 14-room home was the first home in Macon County, Alabama with electricity, steam heating, and indoor plumbing. Booker T. Washington recognized the profound impact of showcasing a successful Black family in a modern mansion—an important image for both Black and White audiences to see.Construction of the home was funded by wealthy benefactors, including Andrew Carnegie.
Margaret's Office
Margaret Washington was born in Macon, Mississippi. She attended Fisk University where she studied to be a teacher. At Fisk University, she met Booker T. Washington who hired her at Tuskegee Instittue as an English teacher. She was quickly promoted to Lady Principal and Director of the Department of Girls Industries at Tuskegee, eventually becoming Dean of Women.
As principal of the women's division of Tuskegee, Margaret developed a curriculum for women that included courses on sewing, dressmaking, home management, cooking, marketing, and home furnishing. She also helped to mold and apply a regimen of dress, study, and time management that occupied every waking hour of the day with direction and purpose.
In 1892, Margaret married Dr. Washington and became the “first lady” of Tuskegee Institute. With new responsibilities and family obligations, she modeled her purposeful regimen. While managing the Washington household, raising her stepchildren, and assisting her husband in his work, Margaret also continued her professional work at Tuskegee, in addition to participation in activist organizations.
Margaret's Office
Margaret Washington was born in Macon, Mississippi. She attended Fisk University where she studied to be a teacher. At Fisk University, she met Booker T. Washington who hired her at Tuskegee Instittue as an English teacher. She was quickly promoted to Lady Principal and Director of the Department of Girls Industries at Tuskegee, eventually becoming Dean of Women.
As principal of the women's division of Tuskegee, Margaret developed a curriculum for women that included courses on sewing, dressmaking, home management, cooking, marketing, and home furnishing. She also helped to mold and apply a regimen of dress, study, and time management that occupied every waking hour of the day with direction and purpose.
In 1892, Margaret married Dr. Washington and became the “first lady” of Tuskegee Institute. With new responsibilities and family obligations, she modeled her purposeful regimen. While managing the Washington household, raising her stepchildren, and assisting her husband in his work, Margaret also continued her professional work at Tuskegee, in addition to participation in activist organizations.
Margaret's Room
“You have already noticed that I speak of health, then morals; morals, then health; my sisters, these two things go hand in hand, they are interdependent."
- Margaret Murray Washington
Always a bright student herself, Margaret’s lifelong work championed women’s education and empowerment.
Margaret coordinated improvement programs for women in the Tuskegee area through the Tuskegee Women’s Club which later established a Town Night School for adults who could not attend the Tuskegee Institute during the day. She went on to work on the national level with the National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs and the National Federal of Afro-American Women, and she served as president of the National Association for Colored Women from 1912 to 1916. The organizations took on societal issues, including anti-lynching activism.
At the time of her death in June 1925 she was the most influential Black woman in America.
Margaret's Room
“You have already noticed that I speak of health, then morals; morals, then health; my sisters, these two things go hand in hand, they are interdependent."
- Margaret Murray Washington
Always a bright student herself, Margaret’s lifelong work championed women’s education and empowerment.
Margaret coordinated improvement programs for women in the Tuskegee area through the Tuskegee Women’s Club which later established a Town Night School for adults who could not attend the Tuskegee Institute during the day. She went on to work on the national level with the National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs and the National Federal of Afro-American Women, and she served as president of the National Association for Colored Women from 1912 to 1916. The organizations took on societal issues, including anti-lynching activism.
At the time of her death in June 1925 she was the most influential Black woman in America.
Mission Chair
Mission style furniture, also known as Craftsman style, emerged in the late 1800s and early 1900s as a reaction against ornate Victorian aesthetic and mass production. It emphasizes simplicity, functionality, and high-quality craftsmanship. All values dear to Booker T. Washington. The design often features clean, straight lines, sturdy construction, and natural materials like oak wood and leather. Decorative elements are minimal, with a focus on showcasing the beauty of the materials and workmanship. Many rooms in The Oaks contained Mission-style chairs.
Mission Chair
Mission style furniture, also known as Craftsman style, emerged in the late 1800s and early 1900s as a reaction against ornate Victorian aesthetic and mass production. It emphasizes simplicity, functionality, and high-quality craftsmanship. All values dear to Booker T. Washington. The design often features clean, straight lines, sturdy construction, and natural materials like oak wood and leather. Decorative elements are minimal, with a focus on showcasing the beauty of the materials and workmanship. Many rooms in The Oaks contained Mission-style chairs.
Portia's Room
After college, Portia traveled Europe studying music under master pianist Martin Krause, but eventually returned to Alabama. She married William Sidney Pittman in 1908, in a glittering wedding held at The Oaks. Pittman was a former student and instructor at the Tuskegee Institute, who met Portia when he came to her family home for a repair. The couple lived in Washington, D.C., and later in Dallas, Texas, and had three children together. Portia occasionally toured on a concert circuit and gave private piano lessons.
In 1928, Portia left William in Texas and took her daughter Fannie back with her to Tuskegee. Portia taught piano, public school music, glee club, and choir until she was removed from the faculty in 1939 due to lacking the appropriate credentials. She went on to open her own music studio in her home before retiring in 1944.
In her retirement, Portia committed herself to the preservation of her father’s work and legacy. She campaigned to have her father's birthplace in Virginia memorialized as a national monument, and she oversaw the Booker T. Washington Foundation which provided academic scholarships for Black students.
Portia's Room
After college, Portia traveled Europe studying music under master pianist Martin Krause, but eventually returned to Alabama. She married William Sidney Pittman in 1908, in a glittering wedding held at The Oaks. Pittman was a former student and instructor at the Tuskegee Institute, who met Portia when he came to her family home for a repair. The couple lived in Washington, D.C., and later in Dallas, Texas, and had three children together. Portia occasionally toured on a concert circuit and gave private piano lessons.
In 1928, Portia left William in Texas and took her daughter Fannie back with her to Tuskegee. Portia taught piano, public school music, glee club, and choir until she was removed from the faculty in 1939 due to lacking the appropriate credentials. She went on to open her own music studio in her home before retiring in 1944.
In her retirement, Portia committed herself to the preservation of her father’s work and legacy. She campaigned to have her father's birthplace in Virginia memorialized as a national monument, and she oversaw the Booker T. Washington Foundation which provided academic scholarships for Black students.
Portia
Portia Marshall Washington Pittman (1883-1978) was the only daughter of Booker T. and Fannie Washington, Dr. Washington’s first wife. Portia frequently played the piano in the parlor room of The Oaks for family and visiting guests. Since Portia was an accomplished pianist by the time she was ten years old, her father arranged for her to attend prestigious boarding schools and colleges in New England, including Bradford Academy (now Bradford Junior College) where she was the first African American to obtain a degree there in 1905.
Portia
Portia Marshall Washington Pittman (1883-1978) was the only daughter of Booker T. and Fanny Washington, Dr. Washington’s first wife. Portia frequently played the piano in the parlor room of The Oaks for family and visiting guests. Since Portia was an accomplished pianist by the time she was ten years old, her father arranged for her to attend prestigious boarding schools and colleges in New England, including Bradford Academy (now Bradford Junior College) where she was the first African American to obtain a degree there in 1905.
Restoration
Remarkably, The Oaks was built by students using campus-made bricks and materials. It was a showcase for the collective talents of the Institute. As any homeowner knows, a grand home requires considerable upkeep. Once maintained by students, today the National Park Service is responsible for The Oaks, which has undergone multiple restoration projects.
Between 1980 and 1981, the main floor of the house was restored to its 1899–1929 condition, correcting inappropriate alterations made from 1925 to 1974. Major architectural, mechanical, and electrical rehabilitation occurred, too, with subsequent structural repairs in 1999. Major mechanical, electrical, and fire suppression work was accomplished in 2007 along with related structural, floor, and plaster repairs and rehabilitation of windows. The first and second floors now accurately reflect Robert Taylor’s original design and Booker T. Washington's significant alterations, such as the 1905 dining room extension.
School Photo
In 1872, at age sixteen, Booker T. Washington entered Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia. The dominant personality at the school, which had opened in 1868 under the auspices of the American Missionary Association, was the principal, Samuel Chapman Armstrong, the son of American missionaries in Hawaii.
Armstrong, who had commanded Black troops in the Civil War, believed that the progress of freedmen and their descendants depended on education of a special sort, which would be practical and utilitarian and would at the same time inculcate character and morality.
Washington traveled most of the distance from Malden to Hampton on foot, arriving penniless. His entrance examination to Hampton was to clean a room. The teacher inspected his work with a spotless, white handkerchief. Booker was admitted. He was given work as a janitor to pay the cost of his room and board, and Armstrong arranged for a White benefactor to pay his tuition.
At Hampton, Washington studied academic subjects and agriculture, which included work in the fields and pigsties. He also learned lessons in personal cleanliness and good manners. His special interest was public speaking and debate. He was jubilant when he was chosen to speak at his commencement.
The most important part of his experience at Hampton was his association with Armstrong, who he described in his autobiography as "a great man - the noblest, rarest human being it has ever been my privilege to meet." From Armstrong, Washington derived much of his educational philosophy.
After graduating from Hampton with honors in 1875, Washington returned to Malden to teach. For eight months he was a student at Wayland Seminary, an institution with a curriculum that was entirely academic. This experience reinforced his belief in an educational system that emphasized practical skills and self-help. In 1879, Washington returned to Hampton to teach in a program for American Indians.
Screened in porch
Between 1910 and 1915, The Oaks underwent significant renovation. The roof of the one-story kitchen wing was removed and reused to add a second story. This change led to several other modifications:
The south dormer of the main roof was removed to connect the ell roof with the main roof, and a new doorway was created to the newly formed attic.
The south window of the rear stair hall was removed, and the opening was finished to match the adjacent walls.
A new porch was built west of the den that Washington used as a home office.
An enclosed room was constructed as an entry from the rear main second-floor hall to the new den.
These alterations were made to accommodate the new additions and enhance the functionality of The Oaks.
Screened in porch
Between 1910 and 1915, The Oaks underwent significant renovation. The roof of the one-story kitchen wing was removed and reused to add a second story. This change led to several other modifications:
The south dormer of the main roof was removed to connect the ell roof with the main roof, and a new doorway was created to the newly formed attic.
The south window of the rear stair hall was removed, and the opening was finished to match the adjacent walls.
A new porch was built west of the den that Washington used as a home office.
An enclosed room was constructed as an entry from the rear main second-floor hall to the new den.
These alterations were made to accommodate the new additions and enhance the functionality of The Oaks.
Secretary's Desk
Washington's home office proved so important, that his secretary also had a desk in the Den. Emmett Jay Scott used this mahogany desk in his daily tasks. The elaborately carved desk is of 20th Century Chinese origin, along with its similarly carved chair.
Secretary's Desk
Washington's home office proved so important, that his secretary also had a desk in the Den. Emmett Jay Scott used this mahogany desk in his daily tasks. The elaborately carved desk is of 20th Century Chinese origin, along with its similarly carved chair.
Sofa
The Mission-style oak sofa with leather cushions was likely made by students. The leather exercise ball sitting on the sofa underscores Washington's expectation that students should be fit in mind and body.
Sofa
The Mission-style oak sofa with leather cushions was likely made by students. The leather exercise ball sitting on the sofa underscores Washington's expectation that students should be fit in mind and body.
Staircase
Washington was married three times, and each woman left her mark on Tuskegee Institute. But only his third wife Margaret lived at The Oaks. Standing under 5 feet tall, the home was constructed with Margaret’s small height in mind. Notice the low rail leading up the staircase.
In 1882, Washington married his Malden sweetheart, Fannie Norton Smith. She died two years later, leaving an infant daughter, Portia.
In 1885, he married Hampton graduate Olivia Davidson, the assistant principal of Tuskegee and a tireless fundraiser. Two sons were born to this marriage: Booker Taliaferro, Jr. and Ernest Davidson. She passed in 1889.
In 1893, Washington married Fisk University graduate Margaret James Murray, who came to Tuskegee as Lady Principal in 1889.
Staircase
Washington was married three times, and each woman left her mark on Tuskegee Institute. But only his third wife Margaret lived at The Oaks. Standing under 5 feet tall, the home was constructed with Margaret’s small height in mind. Notice the low rail leading up the staircase.
In 1882, Washington married his Malden sweetheart, Fannie Norton Smith. She died two years later, leaving an infant daughter, Portia.
In 1885, he married Hampton graduate Olivia Davidson, the assistant principal of Tuskegee and a tireless fundraiser. Two sons were born to this marriage: Booker Taliaferro, Jr. and Ernest Davidson. She passed in 1889.
In 1893, Washington married Fisk University graduate Margaret James Murray, who came to Tuskegee as Lady Principal in 1889.
Stairs to Nowhere
This closet is an architectural oddity, affectionately known as the "stairs to nowhere" among rangers. The Oaks contains multiple staircases. The front stairway runs from the first to the third floors in two essentially straight flights. The rear stair runs from the basement to the second floor in two U-shaped flights, with a portion of steps to the third floor contained here within a second floor closet.
So they do lead somewhere, but from the opposite side!
Stairs to Nowhere
This closet is an architectural oddity, affectionately known as the "stairs to nowhere" among rangers. The Oaks contains multiple staircases. The front stairway runs from the first to the third floors in two essentially straight flights. The rear stair runs from the basement to the second floor in two U-shaped flights, with a portion of steps to the third floor contained here within a second floor closet.
So they do lead somewhere, but from the opposite side!
Task Light
A unique task light is suspended from the ceiling to the left (south) of his desk. Attached to the stationary stem of the light is a secondary metal arm and light shade that can be swiveled and rotated to any position needed.
Task Light
A unique task light is suspended from the ceiling to the left (south) of his desk. Attached to the stationary stem of the light is a secondary metal arm and light shade that can be swiveled and rotated to any position needed.
The Dining Room
Booker T Washington made history in 1901 when he dined with President Theodore Roosevelt and became the first African American entertained at the White House. News of the integrated evening meal made the front page, with plenty of criticism for Roosevelt sharing a meal with a Black person.
Washington regularly hosted notable guests at his own dining table. When guests were present, the children took their meals in the kitchen. It was customary in the Victorian age for children to be (briefly) seen and not heard.
Dining Hall at Tuskegee Institute
Photo by Frances Benjamin Johnston
1902
Library of Congress
LC J694-21
The Dining Room
Booker T Washington made history in 1901 when he dined with President Theodore Roosevelt and became the first African American entertained at the White House. News of the integrated evening meal made the front page, with plenty of criticism for Roosevelt sharing a meal with a Black person.
Washington regularly hosted notable guests at his own dining table. When guests were present, the children took their meals in the kitchen. It was customary in the Victorian age for children to be (briefly) seen and not heard.
Dining Hall at Tuskegee Institute
Photo by Frances Benjamin Johnston
1902
Library of Congress
LC J694-21
The Entry
The Oaks is more than a house. It was Washington's command center and Tuskegee Institute's social center. As Booker T. Washington's home, The Oaks provided tangible evidence of his success. Full of the busy lives of a large family, visitors may have heard all sorts of sounds upon entering, from piano lessons to a letter being dictated to a stirring conversation about social reform. It was also a place of employment and an on-the-job training site for students. African-American educators, businessmen, farmers, and politicians were entertained here. Professional staff visited frequently. Imagine stepping into this entry, hanging up your coat, and being swept into the lives of the Washington family.
Earnest Davidson Washington, back left; Margaret Washington, Booker T Washington, Booker T Washington Jr.
The Entry
The Oaks is more than a house. It was Washington's command center and Tuskegee Institute's social center. As Booker T. Washington's home, The Oaks provided tangible evidence of his success. Full of the busy lives of a large family, visitors may have heard all sorts of sounds upon entering, from piano lessons to a letter being dictated to a stirring conversation about social reform. It was also a place of employment and an on-the-job training site for students. African-American educators, businessmen, farmers, and politicians were entertained here. Professional staff visited frequently. Imagine stepping into this entry, hanging up your coat, and being swept into the lives of the Washington family.
Earnest Davidson Washington, back left; Margaret Washington, Booker T Washington, Booker T Washington Jr.
The Oaks after the Washingtons
Even after Mrs Washington passed in 1925, The Oaks continued as a place for gatherings, staff residence, accommodations for notable visitors, and a tribute to Tuskegee Institute's founder. The Tuskegee Women's Club managed The Oaks for over a decade, establishing tours and allowing guests to stay in third floor bedrooms. In the 1940s, faculty and staff took residence in the third floor, with student services below. The National Park Service began running tours in the 1970s.
The Oaks after the Washingtons
Even after Mrs Washington passed in 1925, The Oaks continued as a place for gatherings, staff residence, accommodations for notable visitors, and a tribute to Tuskegee Institute's founder. The Tuskegee Women's Club managed The Oaks for over a decade, establishing tours and allowing guests to stay in third floor bedrooms. In the 1940s, faculty and staff took residence in the third floor, with student services below. The National Park Service began running tours in the 1970s.
The Oaks
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Welcome to the Oaks, family home of famed educator Booker T Washington.
Situated on the grounds of Tuskegee Institute (now University), The Oaks follows campus tradition of African American students and faculty members designing and constructing the building themselves. Students began on the home in 1899 and finished it during the later year of 1900. The house has nine bedrooms, five bathrooms, and modern conveniences like indoor plumbing, hot and cold running water, and electricity.
The purpose of this home was for Washington and his family to have a nice place to live and entertain, and to provide an opportunity for students to learn on the job training. Washington believed in “learn by doing”. His concepts of education combined with everyday work led to real-world experience with practical skills. Tuskegee, and in turn The Oaks, embodied his total commitment to learning, self-help, practical training, and service to the community.
Photograph of The Oaks with newly installed landscaping circa 1906, taken from West Montgomery Road, northeast of the site. Note the Well House at rear of residence.
Welcome to the Oaks, family home of famed educator Booker T Washington.
Situated on the grounds of Tuskegee Institute (now University), The Oaks follows campus tradition of African American students and faculty members designing and constructing the building themselves. Students began on the home in 1899 and finished it during the later year of 1900. The house has nine bedrooms, five bathrooms, and modern conveniences like indoor plumbing, hot and cold running water, and electricity.
The purpose of this home was for Washington and his family to have a nice place to live and entertain, and to provide an opportunity for students to learn on the job training. Washington believed in “learn by doing”. His concepts of education combined with everyday work led to real-world experience with practical skills. Tuskegee, and in turn The Oaks, embodied his total commitment to learning, self-help, practical training, and service to the community.
Photograph of The Oaks with newly installed landscaping circa 1906, taken from West Montgomery Road, northeast of the site. Note the Well House at rear of residence.
The Parlor
The parlor was an important place in the house. The Washingtons entertained visitors to the school, faculty, and students here. Faculty members often called on Sunday afternoons but Washington usually "cloistered himself in his office on Sunday afternoons, while his wife Margaret was entertaining young faculty members in the parlor." Parlor guests were sometimes treated to music played by daughter Portia.
Notice the painted murals lining the top of the walls in the parlor and extending into the library and dining room. The Washingtons visited Europe the year construction began on The Oaks. The friezes depict highlights of their trip. A pair of sliding "pocket" doors separate the parlor from the library.
The Parlor
The parlor was an important place in the house. The Washingtons entertained visitors to the school, faculty, and students here. Faculty members often called on Sunday afternoons but Washington usually "cloistered himself in his office on Sunday afternoons, while his wife Margaret was entertaining young faculty members in the parlor." Parlor guests were sometimes treated to music played by daughter Portia.
Notice the painted murals lining the top of the walls in the parlor and extending into the library and dining room. The Washingtons visited Europe the year construction began on The Oaks. The friezes depict highlights of their trip. A pair of sliding "pocket" doors separate the parlor from the library.
Photo by Eric Long
The Restoration
Remarkably, The Oaks was built by students using campus-made bricks and materials. It was a showcase for the collective talents of the Institute. As any homeowner knows, a grand home requires considerable upkeep. Once maintained by students, today the National Park Service is responsible for The Oaks, which has undergone multiple restoration projects.
Between 1980 and 1981, the main floor of the house was restored to its 1899–1929 condition, correcting inappropriate alterations made from 1925 to 1974. Major architectural, mechanical, and electrical rehabilitation occurred, too, with subsequent structural repairs in 1999. Major mechanical, electrical, and fire suppression work was accomplished in 2007 along with related structural, floor, and plaster repairs and rehabilitation of windows. The first and second floors now accurately reflect Robert Taylor’s original design and Booker T. Washington's significant alterations, such as the 1905 dining room extension.
Third Floor Bathroom
Have you ever renovated a house? A new homeowner's needs and tastes may not align with the previous homeowner's choices. In a historic home, there may be years of renovation to piece together. This third-floor bathroom was likely added after the death of Booker T. Washington. It highlights the house’s evolution from a family dwelling to offices and dormitories for the Institute’s use. Though the date of its construction is unknown, but it is assumed to be a later addition because it disrupts the symmetry and logic of the original design. Also, the finish materials in this bathroom are unlike those in the other bathrooms.
Third Floor Bathroom
South Bathroom. This third-floor bathroom may have been added after the death of Booker T. Washington, but may have attained significance to highlight the structure’s evolution from a family dwelling to offices and dormitories for the Institute’s use. No documentation was uncovered to substantiate the date of its construction. Because of its unusual location at the south end of the third-floor central hall, with the east wall falling in the center of the pair of windows at that end of the otherwise rectangular hall, it disrupts the symmetry and logic of the original design. Also, the finish materials in this bathroom are inferior to and unlike those in the other bathrooms. In contrast to the bathrooms on the other two floors, this one was not included in recent rehabilitation projects.
Third Floor Gym
“Washington’s sons turned part of the third floor of The Oaks into a gymnasium. They lifted barbells and probably used this fencing jacket and these sabers for fencing.”
American Visionaries: Booker T. Washington - Personal Life
Fencing jacket
Fencing jacket probably used by Washington's sons. Manufactured by Spalding in the USA.
Leather and fabric, H 51, W 53.5, L 82.5 cm
Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site
TUIN 1
Third Floor Wood Details
Note the third floor's wood trim, moldings, and woodwork, all consistent with the first and second floors. Two-piece baseboards, picture rails, and beaded-board wainscot match what is on the second floor. The wainscot from the stair is carried through the hall and into all three bedrooms. Now remember that all this fine woodwork was done by students. At Tuskegee, education took place in the classroom and workshop. Students learned trades to make them marketable and self-supporting. The needs of the school (and The Oaks) provided a ready laboratory for instruction.
Third Floor Wood Details
Note the third floor's wood trim, moldings, and woodwork, all consistent with the first and second floors. Two-piece baseboards, picture rails, and beaded-board wainscot match what is on the second floor. The wainscot from the stair is carried through the hall and into all three bedrooms. Now remember that all this fine woodwork was done by students. At Tuskegee, education took place in the classroom and workshop. Students learned trades to make them marketable and self-supporting. The needs of the school (and The Oaks) provided a ready laboratory for instruction.
Third Floor
The top floor was occupied by work study students who lived dorm-style in third floor bedrooms. Washington’s sons turned part of the third floor of The Oaks into a gymnasium. They lifted barbells, which were known to fall loudly on the wooden floors. The brothers practiced fencing too.
Third Floor
The top floor was occupied by work study students who lived dorm-style in third floor bedrooms. Washington’s sons turned part of the third floor of The Oaks into a gymnasium. They lifted barbells, which were known to fall loudly on the wooden floors. The brothers practiced fencing too.
Third Floor
“Washington’s sons turned part of the third floor of The Oaks into a gymnasium. They lifted barbells and probably used this fencing jacket and these sabers for fencing.”
American Visionaries: Booker T. Washington - Personal Life
Fencing jacket
Fencing jacket probably used by Washington's sons. Manufactured by Spalding in the USA.
Leather and fabric, H 51, W 53.5, L 82.5 cm
Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site
TUIN 1
Transom
Like many older homes, one key period piece in this house is the transom windows above the doorways. Along with tall ceilings, these utilitarian features allowed light and air to flow between rooms and keep the third floor from getting too hot and stuffy. Like the Washingtons themselves, these transoms pair clever practicality with a classic look.
Transom
Like many older homes, one key period piece in this house is the transom windows above the doorways. Along with tall ceilings, these utilitarian features allowed light and air to flow between rooms and keep the third floor from getting too hot and stuffy. Like the Washingtons themselves, these transoms pair clever practicality with a classic look.
Work Study Students
Each year, the Washingtons selected 3 to 4 of the best female students to live and work at The Oaks as part of a paid internship. The young women living here received practical instruction and experience in household management from Margaret Washington herself. Staying ahead of the industrious Washingtons in domestic work offered quite the challenge, since their employer regularly woke before the 5 am "rising bell" to toil in his garden.
Work Study Students
Each year, the Washingtons selected 3-4 of the best female students to live and work at The Oaks as part of a paid internship. The young women living here received practical instruction and experience in household management from Margaret Washington herself. Staying ahead of the industrious Washingtons in domestic work offered quite the challenge, since their employer regularly woke before the 5 am "rising bell" to toil in his garden.
Young Life
Born April 5, 1856, in Franklin County, Virginia, Booker Taliaferro was the son of an unknown White man and Jane, an enslaved cook of James Burroughs, a small planter.
Jane named her son Booker Taliaferro but later dropped the second name. Booker gave himself the surname "Washington" when he first enrolled in school. Sometime after Booker's birth, his mother was married to Washington Ferguson, a slave. A daughter, Amanda, was born to this marriage. James, Booker's younger half-brother, was adopted. Booker's elder brother, John, was also the son of a White man.
Booker spent his first nine years enslaved on the Burroughs' farm. After emancipation, his mother took her children to Malden, West Virginia, to join her husband, who had gone there earlier and found work in the salt mines. At age nine, Booker was put to work packing salt. Between the ages of ten and twelve, he worked in a coal mine. He attended night school while working in the salt furnace. Washington thought that getting an education was "about the same as getting into paradise." In 1871, he went to work as a domestic for the wife of Gen. Lewis Ruffner, owner of the mines. A year later, he enrolled at the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Hampton, Virginia. The school trained former slaves in the trades, industriousness, and thrift. An outstanding student, Washington graduated at the top of his class, then taught in Malden and at Hampton.
Young Life
Born April 5, 1856, in Franklin County, Virginia, Booker Taliaferro was the son of an unknown White man and Jane, an enslaved cook of James Burroughs, a small planter.
Jane named her son Booker Taliaferro but later dropped the second name. Booker gave himself the surname "Washington" when he first enrolled in school. Sometime after Booker's birth, his mother was married to Washington Ferguson, a slave. A daughter, Amanda, was born to this marriage. James, Booker's younger half-brother, was adopted. Booker's elder brother, John, was also the son of a White man.
Booker spent his first nine years enslaved on the Burroughs' farm. After emancipation, his mother took her children to Malden, West Virginia, to join her husband, who had gone there earlier and found work in the salt mines. At age nine, Booker was put to work packing salt. Between the ages of ten and twelve, he worked in a coal mine. He attended night school while working in the salt furnace. Washington thought that getting an education was "about the same as getting into paradise." In 1871, he went to work as a domestic for the wife of Gen. Lewis Ruffner, owner of the mines. A year later, he enrolled at the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Hampton, Virginia. The school trained former slaves in the trades, industriousness, and thrift. An outstanding student, Washington graduated at the top of his class, then taught in Malden and at Hampton.
Booker T. Washington’s Sitting Room
Author Amy Nash describes a typical Gilded Age scene: “After dinner, it was customary for the women to retire to a separate sitting room while the gentlemen remained in the dining room or go to the library where they would pass around the port wine while exchanging stories. It was during this time that the men would smoke, something that a gentleman would never do in the presence of a lady. After about a half-hour had passed, the host would suggest to his male guests that they join the ladies in the drawing room, where they would enjoy coffee, tea, and mutual conversation for perhaps yet another half-hour. At last the evening would end, usually around eleven o’clock, and upon acknowledging a lovely evening, guests took their leave.”
The American Dinner Party from “A Gilded Age Dinner: According to Godey’s Lady’s Book,” New England Antiques Journal (2005)
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